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DOESNT FULLY INCLUDE ALL THE EXAM 5 MATERIALS THAT WAS NEEDED. PAID FOR ONLY HALF THE MATERIAL
PSY 101 Exam 5
Study Guide
A. Health and Wellbeing
I. The self and WellBeing
• The need for selfesteem
o The selfesteem cycle
Positive expectation
High Effort
Success
SelfCredit
High Self Esteem
• The selfawareness “Trap”
o Self Awareness Theory
SelfConscious Persons,
SelfFocusing Situations
(lead to) Self Awareness
SelfDiscrepancies
Change Behavior to Match Standards
Escape from SelfAwareness
• Positive Illusions
o Unrealistic Optimism
Students tend to rate their own chances as above average for
positive events
Below average for negative event
o Unrealistically positive views of the Self
Everyone thinks they are above average
Exp: High school students
70% above average in leadership
60% above average in athletic ability
85% above average in ability to get along with others
25% said that were in top 1%
o Illusion of Control
People won points feel that they are controlling it 50% of the time
in nondepressed people
Usually in good outcomes
II. Illusions and WellBeing
• Depressed people more realistic
• Many argue that illusions are necessary for mental health
• Too many illusions are bd
B. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
• The study of the relationships among psychology, the nervous and
endocrine systems, and the immune system
I. Biomedical Model
• Biological Factors lead to Illness
II. Biopsychosocial Model
• Biological Factor
• Social Factor
• Psychological Factor
o Contribute to health and wellness
o Mind over Matter
For a wide range of afflictions, 30 to 40 percent of patients
experience relief after taking a placebo
III. Causes of death
• People used to die from infection disease, nowadays heart disease is the #1 Don't forget about the age old question of which of the following outer planets is known as the “windy” planet?
killer, #2 cancer
IV. Heart Disease Factors
• Sedentary Life Style
• Stress, Obesity
• Smoking
• High blood pressure
• Family history of heart disease
• Type A behavior
V. Personality& Coronary Heart Disease
• Type A Personality
o Competitive
o Impatient, timepressures
o Quick to anger hostile
• Type B Personality
o Easygoing
o Relaxed
o Laid back
• Type A more prone to coronary heart disease
• Personality type is less predictive of health problems than is hostility • Proneness to anger is a major risk factor
VI. Cancer Risk Factors
• Diet
• Cigarette smoking
• Excessive alcohol use
• Promiscuous sexual behavior
• Genetics
VII. Sources of Stress
• Conflict
• Lack of Control& unpredictability
• Catastrophe & PostTraumatic stress disorder
VIII. Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale
• #1 Death of a spouse: 100 life change units
• #2 Divorce: 73
• #41 Vacation: 13
• Even positive events also give stress in life We also discuss several other topics like cci study guide
IX. SRRS Scores & Health
• 300450 80% chance major health problem
• 150300 50% chance major health problem
X. Daily Hassles
• May add to stress of major life events
• May just be part of daily life
XI. Daily Hassles Scale
• 117 items used to measure the frequency and severity of a person's transactions with the environment that are considered by the person to be stressful events
• Predicts illness better than the SRRS
XII. General Adaptation Syndrome
• Alarm
o a threat mobilizes body resistance to stress
• Resistance
o Stress resistance reaches its maximum
• Exhaustion
o The organism’s resources for dealing with stress are exhausted stress resistance drops off Don't forget about the age old question of kelly jo kiess
• Immune System
o BCells
Produce and carry antibodies
Produced in bone marrow
XIII. Pathways from stress to illness
• Stress can lead to unhealthy behaviors
• Triggers the release of hormones that suppress immune system activity XIV. Pathways from Stress to CHD
• Under stress, people engage in less healthy behaviors and are more physiologically reactive
• Both of these contribute to coronary heart disease
XV. Stress Duration and Illness
• Volunteers were interviewed about life stressors, then infected with virus for cold We also discuss several other topics like william mccarthy csuf
• As length of stress increased, so did the likelihood of catching the cold • Stress impairs immune system functioning
XVI. Coping with Stress
• Coping strategies
• The “SelfHealing Personality”
• Social Support
XVII. Stress and Coping
• Source of stress
• Effects on the body
• Coping process
• Leads to health or illness
• Although stressful events have effects on the body, the way we cope can promote health or illness
XVIII. Coping
• Problemfocused coping
o Attempts to modify, reduce, or eliminate the source of stress
• Emotionfocused coping
o Attempts to alter the emotional response to the stressor
• Religious belief appears to aid in coping with stressful events such as death of a child
XIX. Relaxation and the Heart
• Heart attack patients were taught to relax their pace
o A control group received standard medical care
• After 3 years, relaxationtrained patients suffered 50% fewer second heart attacks
XX. Hardness Resilience Under Stress Don't forget about the age old question of cis 120
• Commitment
o Sense of purpose in work, family anf life
• Challenge
o Openness to new experiences and change
• Control
o Belief that one has the power to influence important future outcomes XXI. Heartfelt Forgiveness
• People who are in empathy and forgive have lower heart rate • Less affected by negative event
• Quicker recovery
XXII. Hugs and Health
• Electric shocks
• Having someone with you makes you less stressed
• Hugest benefit is being with someone you really love and trust
• Social interaction helps stress levels
XXIII. Exercise
• Population activity level: low
• Benefits
o Improved heart efficiency
o Higher HDL levels
o Stronger bones esp in women
o Burns more calories, aiding weight control
o Moderate stress effects
XXIV. Fitness, Stress, and Health
• In college students, life stress was linked with increase visits to the health center for low fitness students
• High fitness students handled the stress with less illness
XXV. Other factor that affect health
• Low immune response
o Factors which can lower the immune response to illness
o Depression
o Stress
o Social problems
o Loss of a spouse
o Marital problems
• Lifestyle Factors
o Lack of sleep
The vast majority of Americans get too little sleep
This is especially true of college students
o Lack of exercise
o Smoking
o Drinking& Drug Abuse
• Hopelessness and Risk of Death
o In Finland, middleage men were rated for hopelessness
o Six years later, higher ratings had predicted risk of death, cancer, We also discuss several other topics like tempophonic
and heart attack
C. Social Psychology
I. The parable of the good Samaritan
• Darley and Boston, 1973
• 67 students from the Princeton Theological Seminary
• Talk on either the Good Samaritan or jobs in theology
• Told either that they had extra time, had just enough time, or were late II. Social Psychology Definition
• The effects of the actual, imagined, or implied presence of thers pn affect,
behavior and cognition
III. Social Influence
• Obedience
• Conformity
• Attitudes and attitude change
• Cognitive Dissonance
IV. Milgram Study
• Experimenter Prompts
o Please continue
o The experiment requires that you continue
o It is absolutely essential that you continue
o You have no other choice, must go on
• Predictions before study
o Psychiatrists: 120volts = 100% disobedience
o Students: 135 volts = 100% disobedience
o Middle class adults = 100% disobedience
• Actual Results
o 100% went all the way to 300
o 90% to 315
o 65% went all the way to 450
• Reasons
o Preexisting beliefs about authority
o Overarching ideology (the value of science)
From Yale to “research associates of Bridgeport” 47%
o The experimenter assumed responsibility
“who is responsible if that man is hurt?”
Pull a switch to let another person give shock 6593%
Immediacy
In room: 40%
Hold arm: 30%
o The sequential nature of the task
V. Social Roles
• What begins as obedience may switch to power of social roles
VI. The Chameleon Effect
• Participants worked with a “partner” who was really one of the
experiments
• Hidden cameras recorded behavior
• Participants mimicked their partner without realizing it
VII. A Classic Case of Suggestibility
• Subjects in the dark room were shown a light
• While alone (Pregorup), each estimated how far the light moved • In three sessions, estimated light movement in a group
• Subjects estimates converged on a common value
• The group established its norm
VIII. Conformity
• Subjects in a group were asked to match line lengths
• Confederates in the group picked the wrong line
• Subjects went along with the wrong answer on 37% of trials
IX. Private and Public Conformity
• Private conformity
o Both behavior and opinions charge
o Informational social Influence
• Public conformity
o Temporary and superficial charge
o Outward compliance, inward maintenance of previous beliefs
o Normative social influence
X. Group Size and Conformity
• Conformity increases with group size up to about 47 people
• Adding additional persons has little effects
• One dissenter can reduce conformity by up to 80 percent
XI. Attitudes and Attitude Change
• Persuasion
o Focus on content central route
o Focus on cues peripheral route
o Related to characteristics of the communicator, the message, and
the audience
o The process of persuasions
The message
No more than moderate discrepancy from what the
audience expects
Based on facts acceptable to the audience
Emotion
Fear works only if information on how to avoid the
situation is also presented
Positive emotion distracts us and makes us more vulnerable
to influences
XII. Compliance Techniques
• Foot in the door
o Start with a small request
o Follow up with a large one
o Compliance: want to see self as consistent
o “even a penny a day will help”
• LowBall
o Make an attractive initial offer
o After getting a commitment, make the terms less good
o Compliance: want to see self as consistent
o Car sales people
• Door in the Face
o Start with a large request
o Follow up with a small one
o Reciprocal concessions
o “that’s not all technique”
• Authority
o More likely to comply if told by authority
o Informational social influence
o “I’m not a doctor but I play one on TV.”
• Scarcity
o “today only” “one a few left”
o Reactance theory (reverse psychology)
o Quick appraisal of quality
o Heuristic cue: must be good
• Liking
o Physical attractiveness
Kids and gross food
o Similarity
Sales training programs and body gestures
o Compliments
Ad campaigns telling you how great you are
o Cooperation
Car salesmen who do battle against guy in office