Description
CHAPTER 21
WKI 1123
Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
the forces between molecules]
condensed
What forces are responsible for
phases of matter?
Condensed phases are solids
a liquids
Intramolecular Forces
y the forces that hold
molecule together Intermolecular Forces
the atoms in a
a
Tupes of IMF - order of bond strength 1. Ion-dipole 2. Hydrogen bonding 13. Dipole - dipole Don't forget about the age old question of What does polar uncharged mean?
4. London Dispersion – a heaviest molar mass non 4 weakest but all matter has DFS
Properties of IMF
(bonds) * all are much weaker than intramolecular forces
- 300 kJ Imol v. 30 kJ Imol maximum * all are based on electrostatic interactions
Study Soup
©
©
stw water is a polar molecule!
Ion-Dipole Forces on rund
exists btwn an ion & the partial charge.
on an atom in a polar molecule o bicon otxo We also discuss several other topics like Define each of the steps in an experiment.
O
of
H
Stud
Dipole - Dipole Forces * exist btwn the partial charges on atoms
in two polar molecules
C-Cl-...H-C-Cl
Hydrogen Bonding
av Strong dipole - dipole interaction * ONLY btwn atoms of V. HIGH ELECTRONEG.
* Nitrogen 7 * Oxygen all are electronegative * Flourine on a on n=2 atoms' * Hydrogen
Stoup
t viscosity If you want to learn more check out When an individual takes the drug regularly and becomes dependent on the drug, this is termed as what?
We also discuss several other topics like Why do you think that measuring length mass and time using traditional methods are not reliable?
↑ Surface tension,
Î boiling pt.
Wk 2 1/28
| Which molecules are capable of Hydrogen
Bonding?
you need to draw the Lewis
Structure in order to solve!
Effects of Hudrogen Bonding in water in accounts for the very high bp of water * accounts for the high Surface tension
accounts for the high viscocity of water
Which of the followind should have the
highest boiling point! Don't forget about the age old question of How many years before fleming discovered penicillin did the middle east, china, and egyptians use natural forms of drugs?
* more london forces - BiGGER *
London Dispersion Forces a part now
• most important for nonpolar atoms/molecules
b also called induced dipole forces d
* Nitrogen is a gas under bormal conditions ANN * can force the molecules together to If you want to learn more check out What are the eight dimensions of wellness?
e make liquid nitrogen * remains a liquid... Some force holds it
Induced Dipole (LDF)
MOMENTARILY PARTIAL POS/NEG CHARGE
ELECTRON
D
D
NUCLEUS
ot
D
D
Ал, LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE)
Which of the following is the strongest
IMF ?
LD
COMPOUND NONPOLAR
POLAR dort POLAR WI H-
F H-O or H-N
FORCE DISPERSION 10-D / DISPERSION
H-BONDING
& DISPERSION
NOTE depends on molar mass depends on polarity must have H-F D. HO or HAN
Intermolecular Forces * affects many of the physical
of Substances
y Surface tension - 9 IMF
properties
↑ ST cobrol
y Boiling
Point
-
↑ IMF
↑ BP 20
4 vapor Pressure
- ↑ IMF
↑ BVP
a
b ViscoCity -----.1 IMF, T viscosity
L
Solubility ----- like dissolves like
Sed
* POLAR V. NONPOLAR # iiod
to Yogy
* SOLUBILITY
RULES * Soft
Nato
-
s-0
Vapor Pressure
• the K. E. of the molecules at the surface of a liquid varies over a range of values:
y some molecuies have enough KE to overcome
the attractive forces btwn the molecules Ly the weaker the attractive forces, the greater - the fraction of molecules wl enough Ke to escape As the water evaporates the pressure exerted by the vapor above the liquid 1, until at
some point, the pressure reaches a constant value, the vapor pressure of a substanice
At CONSTANT PRESSURE & CONSTANT TEMPERATURE What is the relationship btwn amount of
an ideal gas & the volume of that
same gas? HINT" PV = nRT
THE GREATER THE VOLUME
THE GREATER THE AMOUNT LOF GAS!!!
Studio
SOU
V vapor
atm
=
↑ boiling
point
304 x
that
form
What is inside the bubbles when Ethyl Alcohol boils?
ETHYL ALCOHOL
1
Whicho of the following molecuies should
have the lowest vapor pressure
Lone wl highest molar mass CL14 153.819/mol
SOU
Conversion of States of matter SOLID LIQUID
GAS Méttina
VAPORIZATION
snov
Fusion
test SUBLIMATION
Git all of these processes require energy stis and are considered ENDOTHERMIC
gas
liquid
Solid 1
love
CONDENSATION
FREEZING
DEPOSITION
energy
* all of these
considered
proceses Produce EXOTHERMIC
Soup
Heating
Curve
angled lines represent Specific heat change.
100°C
gas
Temp.
liquid
horizontal lines represent I process change
Solid
Heat Added
[ENDOTHERMIC
OSO
Calculating Heat Added 1. A heat => enthalpy
• 2 types of heat:
4 Specific heat s process heat
Specific Heat * amount of heat required to raise the temp.
of a specific amount of substance
U
Specific
Heat (Ophase ) = 5
MAT
q=ht added m= mass Ato change in temp
in
SOM
Process Heat * heat associated wla Specific Change
4 example:
A H ( fusion) AH (vaporization) AH ...etc.
Example
Question
0°64 20) = 20°C
500
Xg 2 0.500kg/ 1000g
Hinat
1158 - 500g
VASO
Cice
=
8
MAT
g = (Cice) (m) (07)
God (500g) (2002) q = 21 kJ
OH = 500g i moly 16.02 KJ - 1167 KJ
(4.25 ) (500g) (5030) - 105,00 Llos »J] 167 + 105 + 21 = 293 kJ
4.2
J
1000 g/kg
practice
problem is exothermic
Studio
Stuur
TAKE HOME QUIZ DUE NEXT WEEK
Phase
Diagram
-
relationships btwn 3
SOM
Stud SOUS
solid
pressure/
• triple point : all 3 Som
exist at the same time
gas
Temperature
Solids
* crystalline Solids
- Unit celis (3 types: Primitive, body-Centered, face-Centered * amorphous Solids - glass
Cubic) * types of Solids *
* molecular
* Covalent - network (diamond, graphite * ionic * metallic
Unit Cells
Primitive cubic G atoms @ Corners contribute to 18 of an atom
to each unit cell; 5o 8 (18) = 1 atomlion 1. Body-centered Cubic
4 atoms in the center contribute 100% to each
unit cells so I atomlion in center = 1 atomlion h in a body-centered cell the total is 8 (18) + L
center = 2 atoms/ions EMPERICAL FORMULA = AB
• Face - Centered
atoms
Stud
USO
• Edge - Centered thg
Ly each atomlion in an edge Centered
Unit cell contributes 14 of an atomlion
to the unit Cell y so 12 (114) = 3 atoms/ions Contributed
to the unit cell
Svatima
CHAPTER 21
WKI 1123
Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
the forces between molecules]
condensed
What forces are responsible for
phases of matter?
Condensed phases are solids
a liquids
Intramolecular Forces
y the forces that hold
molecule together Intermolecular Forces
the atoms in a
a
Tupes of IMF - order of bond strength 1. Ion-dipole 2. Hydrogen bonding 13. Dipole - dipole
4. London Dispersion – a heaviest molar mass non 4 weakest but all matter has DFS
Properties of IMF
(bonds) * all are much weaker than intramolecular forces
- 300 kJ Imol v. 30 kJ Imol maximum * all are based on electrostatic interactions
Study Soup
©
©
stw water is a polar molecule!
Ion-Dipole Forces on rund
exists btwn an ion & the partial charge.
on an atom in a polar molecule o bicon otxo
O
of
H
Stud
Dipole - Dipole Forces * exist btwn the partial charges on atoms
in two polar molecules
C-Cl-...H-C-Cl
Hydrogen Bonding
av Strong dipole - dipole interaction * ONLY btwn atoms of V. HIGH ELECTRONEG.
* Nitrogen 7 * Oxygen all are electronegative * Flourine on a on n=2 atoms' * Hydrogen
Stoup
t viscosity
↑ Surface tension,
Î boiling pt.
Wk 2 1/28
| Which molecules are capable of Hydrogen
Bonding?
you need to draw the Lewis
Structure in order to solve!
Effects of Hudrogen Bonding in water in accounts for the very high bp of water * accounts for the high Surface tension
accounts for the high viscocity of water
Which of the followind should have the
highest boiling point!
* more london forces - BiGGER *
London Dispersion Forces a part now
• most important for nonpolar atoms/molecules
b also called induced dipole forces d
* Nitrogen is a gas under bormal conditions ANN * can force the molecules together to
e make liquid nitrogen * remains a liquid... Some force holds it
Induced Dipole (LDF)
MOMENTARILY PARTIAL POS/NEG CHARGE
ELECTRON
D
D
NUCLEUS
ot
D
D
Ал, LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE)
Which of the following is the strongest
IMF ?
LD
COMPOUND NONPOLAR
POLAR dort POLAR WI H-
F H-O or H-N
FORCE DISPERSION 10-D / DISPERSION
H-BONDING
& DISPERSION
NOTE depends on molar mass depends on polarity must have H-F D. HO or HAN
Intermolecular Forces * affects many of the physical
of Substances
y Surface tension - 9 IMF
properties
↑ ST cobrol
y Boiling
Point
-
↑ IMF
↑ BP 20
4 vapor Pressure
- ↑ IMF
↑ BVP
a
b ViscoCity -----.1 IMF, T viscosity
L
Solubility ----- like dissolves like
Sed
* POLAR V. NONPOLAR # iiod
to Yogy
* SOLUBILITY
RULES * Soft
Nato
-
s-0
Vapor Pressure
• the K. E. of the molecules at the surface of a liquid varies over a range of values:
y some molecuies have enough KE to overcome
the attractive forces btwn the molecules Ly the weaker the attractive forces, the greater - the fraction of molecules wl enough Ke to escape As the water evaporates the pressure exerted by the vapor above the liquid 1, until at
some point, the pressure reaches a constant value, the vapor pressure of a substanice
At CONSTANT PRESSURE & CONSTANT TEMPERATURE What is the relationship btwn amount of
an ideal gas & the volume of that
same gas? HINT" PV = nRT
THE GREATER THE VOLUME
THE GREATER THE AMOUNT LOF GAS!!!
Studio
SOU
V vapor
atm
=
↑ boiling
point
304 x
that
form
What is inside the bubbles when Ethyl Alcohol boils?
ETHYL ALCOHOL
1
Whicho of the following molecuies should
have the lowest vapor pressure
Lone wl highest molar mass CL14 153.819/mol
SOU
Conversion of States of matter SOLID LIQUID
GAS Méttina
VAPORIZATION
snov
Fusion
test SUBLIMATION
Git all of these processes require energy stis and are considered ENDOTHERMIC
gas
liquid
Solid 1
love
CONDENSATION
FREEZING
DEPOSITION
energy
* all of these
considered
proceses Produce EXOTHERMIC
Soup
Heating
Curve
angled lines represent Specific heat change.
100°C
gas
Temp.
liquid
horizontal lines represent I process change
Solid
Heat Added
[ENDOTHERMIC
OSO
Calculating Heat Added 1. A heat => enthalpy
• 2 types of heat:
4 Specific heat s process heat
Specific Heat * amount of heat required to raise the temp.
of a specific amount of substance
U
Specific
Heat (Ophase ) = 5
MAT
q=ht added m= mass Ato change in temp
in
SOM
Process Heat * heat associated wla Specific Change
4 example:
A H ( fusion) AH (vaporization) AH ...etc.
Example
Question
0°64 20) = 20°C
500
Xg 2 0.500kg/ 1000g
Hinat
1158 - 500g
VASO
Cice
=
8
MAT
g = (Cice) (m) (07)
God (500g) (2002) q = 21 kJ
OH = 500g i moly 16.02 KJ - 1167 KJ
(4.25 ) (500g) (5030) - 105,00 Llos »J] 167 + 105 + 21 = 293 kJ
4.2
J
1000 g/kg
practice
problem is exothermic
Studio
Stuur
TAKE HOME QUIZ DUE NEXT WEEK
Phase
Diagram
-
relationships btwn 3
SOM
Stud SOUS
solid
pressure/
• triple point : all 3 Som
exist at the same time
gas
Temperature
Solids
* crystalline Solids
- Unit celis (3 types: Primitive, body-Centered, face-Centered * amorphous Solids - glass
Cubic) * types of Solids *
* molecular
* Covalent - network (diamond, graphite * ionic * metallic
Unit Cells
Primitive cubic G atoms @ Corners contribute to 18 of an atom
to each unit cell; 5o 8 (18) = 1 atomlion 1. Body-centered Cubic
4 atoms in the center contribute 100% to each
unit cells so I atomlion in center = 1 atomlion h in a body-centered cell the total is 8 (18) + L
center = 2 atoms/ions EMPERICAL FORMULA = AB
• Face - Centered
atoms
Stud
USO
• Edge - Centered thg
Ly each atomlion in an edge Centered
Unit cell contributes 14 of an atomlion
to the unit Cell y so 12 (114) = 3 atoms/ions Contributed
to the unit cell
Svatima