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4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
Bones, Bugs & Forensic Science
Study Guide for Exam 2
Human Rights & Mass Disasters
Mass Disasters a sudden event that results in a large loss of life.
4 Types of Mass Disasters
1. Natural
Ex. Earthquake, Hurricane
2. Transportation
Ex. Train crashing
3. Technological
Ex. Nuclear meltdown
4. Intentional
Ex. Boston bombing, 9/11, could include transportation. This also often has a domino effect where multiple disasters result.
Multidisciplinary
● Forensic Scientist always part of larger investigation system
● On a global application
Mass Fatality Incident
● Large scale disaster resulting in significant loss of life
● More death than local authority can handle
● Relative, nonstatic number
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 1/23 We also discuss several other topics like What are some key characteristics of human developmen?
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Requires multidisciplinary assistance
Mass Disasters
Response needs:
● Rescue are there people still alive that need help?
● Relief People lost homes, and are looking for family
● Rebuilding Homes could have been lost in disaster
● Recovery and identification of the dead
Importance of Recovery and ID of the Dead If you want to learn more check out Where do cliff swallows live?
We also discuss several other topics like Cultural anthropology is the study of?
● Prevent anonymity of the dead
● Help families know the fate of loved ones
DMORT ( Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team)
Forensic anthropologist, scientist, odontologist…….. Many more, deployed to place where mass disaster took place.
Functions of DMORT
● Assistance in search and recovery
● Mobile morgue can be anywhere in the country in 24hrs
● Victim ID strict protocol
● 1 person assigned to 1 body through all systems of Identification Don't forget about the age old question of What planets in our solar system have liquid water at the surface today?
● Family assistance center Antemortem collection center. Help ID bodies by calling dentist to get xray of teeth, tell them what their loved one was wearing that day, any old fractures they may have and tattoos they have to help ID them. We also discuss several other topics like What are the different types of discrimination?
Natural Disasters
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 2/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Loss of infrastructure ex. Medical, police, legal, electronic, water
● Loss of life
● Disconnection of surviving family members
● Forensic Role search and recovery of dead and ID of dead
Open vs. Closed Population
Open population Do not know how many people have died. Ex. earthquake Closed population when you know the exact number of people. Ex. if an airplane goes down you know exactly who and how many people were in the plane If you want to learn more check out What are the principles of oncologic surgery?
Transportation Disasters
● Airplane, train, boat, ferry, bus
● Direct impact is local, family impact can be global
● Forensic Role: same as usual/ possible criminal investigation into why or who made the accident occur
Technological Disasters
● Structural failures Ex. Minneapolis bridge collapse in 2007
● Nuclear failure Ex. nuclear meltdown in Japan in 2011
Intentional Disasters
● Bombings, hijacking, rampage with a gun
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 3/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Forensic Role: search and recovery, law enforcement scene investigation, ID of dead, full medical and legal investigation of the dead, ID perpetrators, & testify at hearings and trials.
Human Rights Investigation
● Forced disappearance, genocide, crimes against humanity, and other war crimes ● Multidisciplinary
● Atrocities often large scale & politically grounded/influenced
Forensic Anthropologist roles in Human Right Investigations:
● Medicolegal
● Location, excavation & recovery
● ID victims
● Repariate victims
● Analyze trauma
● Testify in war crime courts
● Use physical evidence towards justice
Humanitarians for these events do similar things
● Location, excavation & recovery
● ID victim
● Repatriate victim
● Provide families with information
Examples of this:
Argentina (19761983)
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 4/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Military dictatorship took over in 1976
● In 1983 returned to democracy
● Thousands of people were “disappearing”
● Meaning taken, tortured & murdered by the military
● With their bodies typically thrown into bodies of water or buried in cemeteries EAAF (Argentina Forensic Anthropology Team)
● Founded by Clyde Snow
● Worked all over the world as forensic anthropologists
● He was also apart of AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Pedestalling digging on the side of graves so anthropologists could easily look closely at the bodies
Laboratory Work
● Lay out skeleton
● Take pictures of their clothes
● Antemortem pathologies and trauma
● Perimortem trauma
Forensic Psychology
Dr. Robert Russell Forensic Psychologist
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 5/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● “ Dangerousness exam” this is a pre sentencing exam to see if the person is a danger to themselves or others.
Competency Examination
1. Meet with Defence Attorney to hear their concerns with the client
2. Review medical records of said person
3. Interview of defendant (client)
4. Psychological testing
Mental status exam
This tests:
● Attention
● Reasoning
● Memory
● This is a standardized test normal being the standard
● Discussion of case to try and reach consensus
● Some people malinger fake being good or bad
“Dusky Standards”
● Supreme court case
● Dusky v. US (1960)
● Defendants must demonstrate: ability to consult with lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding.
● Factual understanding understanding role of legal personnel & adjudication
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 6/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Reasoning & Appreciation think through information & make rational decisions without interference of mental illness or development of immaturity
● Ability to assist counsel ability to collaborate with attorney and act appropriate in courtroom
● Memory restate what the attorney said to them.
Common Problems
● Intellectual disability IQ of 70 or lower. Makes them have a hard time understand what is going on.
● Dementia/Organic impairment Traumatic brain injury
● Disorder of thought, language & communication (TLC) psychotic, pressure of speech (rapid speech), poverty of speech (slow speech), tangentiality (do not answer), neologism (make up words), clanging (rhymes), perseveration (keep going off on something), echolalia (hear a word and keep repeating it), incoherence.
Dr. Michelle Miranda Tattoos
● Tattoo still there after body is burned just have to scrape off burnt skin ● Siberian Ice Maiden over 2,400 years old has tattoo still visible
Body Farm aka National Forensic Academy (film)
● Let dogs search for remains on grounds
● How a body would look different under cement and if it would be confused with rubble to the sonar machine that searches for bodies
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 7/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Coffin flies go deep into the earth to get to where the dead bodies are buried ● Lo flies are on a dead body with in the first min or seconds of death
● Flies go through a 14 day life cycle which helps measure how long a person has been dead
● Saw marks stay on the body for a very long time and every saw leaves different marks
● Dead bodies muscles start to move when being burned and pull itself towards the body
● Stumps of limbs still curl too (super gross and weird tbh)
Taphonomy & Time Since Death (TSD)
● Study of postmortem processes
● Narrow down TSD or postmortem interval (PMI)
● Ex. buried bodies decompose slower than surface bodies
● Methods of determining TSD
1. Soft tissue changes
2. Entomological evidence
3. Soil chemistry chemicals from body
4. Accumulated degree days
5 stages of death
1. Fresh
2. Putrefaction
3. Bloating
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 8/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
4. Decay
5. skeletal
Fresh Stage 1: Autolysis
● “Self Digestion”
● Self destruction of cells due to activity of intracellular enzymes
● Liver and pancreas
● Begins within min or hours of death
Fresh Stage 1: Algor Mortis
● Body starts to cool
● 1.5 ℉ for first 12 hrs
● Critical assumption: must be room temperature, person had normal body temperature. (not to hot not to cold)
● Take context into account: many variables affect rate of heat loss.
● Ex. temperature outside. If body is in the sun it won't cool down. Thinner person will cool faster than a bigger person because they don't have as much body heat.
Fresh Stage 1: Liver Mortis
● Begins within 30120 min after death
● It is the accumulation of blood, causing lividity (discoloration)
● Constricted tissue blanch
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4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Fixation occurs in 812 hrs
● Helps to see how the body was laying or sitting when they died because of the discoloration. Ex. laying on their arm
● Help to indicate if body was moved
Fresh Stage 1: Rigor Mortis
● Body stiffening
● Muscles lock inplace
● Sustained connection of the myosin fibers (the muscles stay together) ● They stay together due to the loss of ATP
● Begins within 12 hrs after death. Max. 12 hrs after death
● Affected by temperature
● Can help indicate if body was moved
Putrefaction Stage 2:
● Decomposition of tissue due to internal bacteria activity
● Occurs 2hrs after death
1. Green discoloration of abdomen
2. Entire body becomes discolored & skin begins slipping can take off hands and wear like gloves
3. Purging fluids purge from orifices due to pressure internally
4. Not trauma a reaction of the body to putrefaction & bloating
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 10/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
5. Marbling_decomposition of blood cells & spread of internal bacteria to blood vessels
Bloating Stage 3:
● Occurs 6072 hrs after death
● Bloating due to release of gas from endogenous (internal) bacteria ● Typically seen in face, neck and begins in the abdomen
Late Stage 4:
Decay loss of soft tissue leaving cartilage, ligaments, & hair
Stage 5:
Skeletonization loss of all soft tissue leaving only bone.
Drying of bone (degreasing)
Variants
● Mummification occurs in warm, dry environments
● Adipocere formation occurs in warm, humid environments. Or when bodies are submerged in water
Important variables in Rate of Decay
● Temperature!! This is the most important
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4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Insect accessibility
● Burial and depth
● Soil pH (acidic soil speeds up decomp)
● Carnivores and rodent activity
● Trauma to the body
● Humidity & aridity (bugs come out when its nice out)
● Rainfall slows decomp down less insect activity
● Body size small bodies decay faster
● Embalming slows down decomp by replacing body fluids with chemicals ● If the body has open wounds might be more attractive to some animals and insects Factors that affect the remains
● Dogs, cats, rodents will eat at the bones
● Weathering on bones strips layer after layer making it look like wood ● White coloration due to sun bleaching
● Copper staining on bones making them green
● When digging up bones could damage them
Rwanda Genocide survivor
Dr. Joseph Sebarenzi
● In 3 months 800,000 people killed
● Making it the quickest genocide ever
● Belgium split up Rwanda & caused the war
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4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● UN fail to stop the genocide in 1994 even though they had troops in Rwanda ● How he got passed this horror
● Staying angry only hurts yourself
● Forgiveness is good for your health
Forensic Entomology
The study of insects applied to medicolegal issues
Insects
● 700,000 900,00 known species
● Highly specialized and have certain jobs
Insect basics
● InvertebratesThey have no backbone and their skeleton is on the outside of their body ● cold bloodedThey can't regulate their body temperature and have the body temperature of the environment around them.
● Exoskeleton hampers growth but overcome it through metamorphosis ● Flies go through this also, egglarvapupaadult
● Their bodies change with each stage like a butterfly
● Eggnymphadult (this is only with non flies like grasshoppers) ● Have 3 different body regions
1. Head
2. Thorax
3. abdomen
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4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
Most have 3 pairs of legs and 2 sets of legs
Death Investigation:
Ask who? what? when? why? and how?
Forensic entomologist help answer these questions and focus on the timing of insect growth . Focusing on the stages of rigor, livor, & algor mortis
However they only have a 72 hr window for these stages
Necrophagous Insects
● Insects that eat death/dead things
● Carrion eaters
● Primary processors of dead meat
● Detect carrion in min
● Highly specialized for this process
● Delay infestation tight coverings, deep burial
● Eat 90% of carcass all soft tissue
2 Main insect orders
Diptera flies Coleoptera beetles Blow flies Interested in bodies that have been dead House flies for a while. Eat tissue like ligaments Flesh flies
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 14/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
Necrophagous Insect Succession
1. Flies
● Blow flies, flesh flies
● Early arrivers
● Decaying flesh is food source
2 . Beetles
● Come later ~ weeks after death
● Dried flesh and larva flies are food sources
● Feed along underside of body
3. Others
● Wasps & ants feed off carcass
● fly / maggots mass represent growth ecosystem
Blow flies life cycle
● start with eggs laid in the most moist places like the mouth Eyes Ears Nose ● Laid within a few minutes of death then grow to 23 mm long ● hatch after one to two days
Larvae “maggots”
● 3 stages called instar
1. 1st instar can dry out easy, die easy
2. 2nd instar shed mold
3. 3rd instar eat the most flesh, maggot mass from egg site
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4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
4. Postfeeding Larvae: last period of 3rd instar they are 12mm long and have an 812 day life cycle
Then they turn into Pupae
● 9mm long
● 1824 day life cycle
● Living pupa inside pupa case
Adult Blowfly
● Emerges 20 or more days after egg mate
● Live 13 weeks
● Feed from carcass
Temperature effects this life cycle. If cold slows it down.
Estimating time since death
● Evaluate oldest age of blowfly present
● determine species and rate of development
● determine temperature of crime scene
● development of species is directly related to temperature because insects are coldblooded
● when was the egg laid?
● know the species, rate of development, and temperature information Insect Collection
● Live & preserved eggs & larvae for analysis
● Collect 100200 larvae; focus on largest
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4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Live pupae & empty pupal casings
● Live adults if emerged
● Also collect other insects
● Equipment: aerial net, tweezers, brushes, vials, alcohol to preserve them Collection of other Evidence
● Temperature collection from local weather station
● at scene collect air, ground, Body, soill, maggot Mass
● photograph and video scene
Limitations in determining time since death
● outside scenes primarily
● Makes it hard with seasons changing and the temp
● need to know temperature and other variables if the body was wrapped if a body was buried
● need to have thorough and accurate collection of evidence
● often can only give a minimum of times since death
Can sometimes determine if body was moved
● Some species are geologically located in certain regions
● pupae cases remain for years, they lay their eggs in openings and wounds ● colonization patterns
● drugs and poisons
● maggots can be tested for alcohol drugs and toxins
● child or elderly neglect
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 17/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● bedridden and bed sores can be colonized by bugs before death
Ancient & Forensic DNA
● Ancient DNA Is any DNA from something dead
● Ex. Ancient bones, teeth, tissue & hair is typically degraded into small pieces ● Preserve DNA: cold climates Preserve DNA, dry climates, neutral or somewhat alkaline pH
● Bad Environments for DNA: Heat, wet, acidic environments
Problems unique to ancient DNA
● What you are looking for might not be left
● Teeth maybe the only things left
● Contamination when extracting DNA whoever touched it can have DNA on them, or put their DNA on it
● Contamination removal bleach destroys DNA
DNA can be recovered from anywhere you have touched. Ex. door knob, phone, drinking glasses
Drugs
Drugs a natural or synthetic substance; producing physiological effects. Ex. Pain management, relief, euphoria
Dependence
● Type of drug
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● Dose
● Route of administration, oral, injection, smoking
● Frequent administration
● Metabolism of individual
● Peer attitude
● Ex.is it accepted with in your circle
None drug factors of dependance
● Personality of user more prone to addiction
● Society's attitudeis it accepted in your peer group
● Setting in which you use it
● Ex. party, behind backs of family, expectations of drug experience 2 Different Types of Dependence
1. Psychological
● Desire to fulfill psychological needs
● Need to “escape” (euphoric effect)
● Relief from problems
2. Physiological/Physical
● When there is a regular drug intake
● Effect never completely wears off
● Avoid sick withdrawal
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 19/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
Effects on Crime & Society
● Drugs and Crime tied together
● Organized gangs
● People kill because of drug trade
● Major producers: Columbia, Mexico, Afghanistan
Columbia & Cocaine
● Coca plant you chew it, steep it in tea, sometime people use it because they are in a higher altitude and it gives them more energy.
● 1940s corn, rice became limited rations
● Papaya failed
● 1980s drug cartels had famers grow coca
● Kilogram of base= $70,000 on the street
● That is 80 time what the farmers get for growing it
● To extract the liquid from the Coca plants farmers stomp on the leaves ● Overtime this eats through their boots, then since they have no money they do this barefoot and it eats through their feet.
● They do this because they have to, and the drug cartels got them addicted to cocaine
Narcotics Opioids
● Painkilling substance
● Depresses vital body functions
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZXHWp7kAkbKuFuErfLouk8M09qy06czaOboCgOu1g4/edit 20/23
4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Produces physical dependence
Analgesics Pain relievers
● Opium milky white stop extracted from poppy flowers
● Morphine extract used to synthesize heroin and codeine
● Heroin injected High addiction rates drowsiness and euphoric feelings ● Has other risks ex. HIV, from sharing needles
● Fentanyl 80100 times more potent than morphine
● 59% opioid deaths in the US in 2017
● Many times the drug you are buying has other drugs in it, that you were unaware of Other Opioids
● Oxycontin ( oxycodone) synthetic opioid helps with chronic pain ● Methadone synthetic opioid helps get off heroin
● Methadone clinics heroin addicts trying to get clean replacement therapy requires a prescription
Hallucinogens
● Marijuana most widely used illicit drug in the US
● From the cannabis plant
● legal in Colorado, Washington,Alaska,Oregon, and Washington DC ● medical marijuana legal in several States
● illegal in most countries
long term effects on health are still largely unknown
● brain cell death
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● lung disease
THC active ingredient
● No physical dependence
● Only Psychological dependence
LSD PCP MDMA ( ecstasy)
LSD: synthesized drug, hallucinations after 12 hours
PCP: synthesized in clandestine labs, smoked, ingested or snorted
● Mixed with other drugs like LSD Or amphetamines
● “angel dust”
● Feelings of strength and invulnerability which may turn to depression and tendencies towards violence & suicide
Depressant
● Depress the central nervous system
● Calm irritability and anxiety and induce sleep
● These could be:
● Alcohol
● Barbiturate
● Tranquilizers
● Or other various substances that can be sniffed such as airplane glue, model cement or gas
Alcohol
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4/12/2019 Anthro study guide Exam 2 - Google Docs
● Bubbles to the brain through the bloodstream
● suppresses the brain's control of thought and processes
● and muscle confidence
● low doses: inhibit judgement, memory, concentration, boost confidence ● moderate doses: decrease in coordination, slows reaction time, inhibits thought and speech
● high doses: increase emotional outbursts, anger, sadness
● extremely high doses: unconsciousness death
Blood Alcohol Content ( BAC)
● Percent of alcohol and ethanol in the blood
● DWI in NYS .08%
● DWAI in NYS .05%
● loss of driver's license, fines, or jail time
Sexual Assault
Dr. Valery Fuller
● Evidence should connect both the victim and the suspect to the crime scene ● The DNA Mixture of victim, perpetrator and whoever the person was sexually or casually with
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