Description
Chapter 9:
Importance of close relationships: offer sense of belonging, help alleviate loneliness, central to psychological and physical health Attraction theory: the three primary sources that draw people together to form relationships are proximity, interpersonal attractiveness and similarity
o Proximity: how close you are to others (facilitates interactions) o Interpersonal attractiveness: we are attracted to those we find physically appealing and those who are as attractive as we are (matching hypothesis)
o Similarity: we like people like us, who like the things we like, shared values and similar background
Knapp’s Stages – conceptualizes relationship as staircase o Upward: initiating (appear likeable), experimenting (learn about each other), intensifying (increased intimacy/connectedness), integrating (establish dyad as a couple), bonding (public commitment)
o Downward: differentiating (increase interpersonal distance), circumscribing (discuss safe topics), stagnating (prevent change), avoiding, terminating
Turning point model: any event or occurance that is associated with change in a relationship – relationship development is bidirectional and couples move towards and away from commitment over the course of their relationship
Social penetration theory: proposes relationships develop through increases in selfdisclosure – people gradually disclose more as they get to know each other
o Breadth: number of different topics dyads willingly discuss o Depth: refers how deep or personal communication exchanges are o Frequency: how often selfdisclosure occurs Don't forget about the age old question of How do we know the earth is 4.5 billion years old?
Selfdisclosure: process of revealing information about themselves to another
Couples relationship maintenance behaviors: positivity, openness, assurances, sharing tasks, social networks, joint activities, cards/letters/calls, avoidance, antisocial, humor
Relationship dialectical tensions: autonomy/connectedness, expressiveness/privacy, change/predictability
Friends relationship maintenance behaviors: assurances, positivity, open discussion, listening, spending time together, keeping in touch Authentic communication: we expect our close relationship members to be authentic, authentic communication is connected to intimacy (when we feel intimate to other we believe we are connecting with their “true” self), inauthentic communication leads to decreased intimacy o Be open to our own and other communication
o Take responsibility for what we say
o Respect the rights of others to speak
AVOID: topic avoidance, meaning denial and disqualification Chapter 11: Don't forget about the age old question of what are the 3 traits of ethnic groups that influence the impact on outcomes and interests?
Importance of organizational communication: enhance your professional success, allow you to ask more informed questions about everyday organizational practices, helps you decide what organizations you wish to frequent and support
Communication function: goals and effects of communication o Production: activity is coordinated toward accomplishing tasks o Maintenance: stability of existing systems is preserved o Innovation: systems are changed
Communication structure: recurring patterns of interactions among organizational members
o Upward: communication with superiors
o Downward: communication with subordinates Don't forget about the age old question of Why have government?
o Horizontal: communication with peers
Organizational culture: pattern of shared beliefs, values and behaviors that construct the reality of a social community
Emotion labor: organization expects or requires workers to display particular feelings
Burnout: chronic condition that results from the accumulation of daily stress, which manifests itself in a specific set of characteristics (exhaustion, cynicism and ineffectiveness)
Worklife conflict: difficulties individuals face trying to balance home and work life
New social contract: assumes loyalty is not expected by workers or organization and that job security is unlikely
Chapter 13:
Mass media: mediated communication intended for a large audience Culture industries: large organizations in the business of mass communication that produce, distribute or show various media texts as an industry
How media messages affect individuals
o Beautiful bodies – eating disorders among collegeaged women who watch shows with images of thin women
o Aggressive young people seek violent media – media and violence are mutually reinforcing (downward spiral model)
o Promoting health – framing loss rather than gain was more effective when it came to side effects of drugs If you want to learn more check out When did the United nation general assembly recognized access to safe water and sanitation as basic human rights?
How individuals choose media messages
Selective exposure: people seek media messages and interpret media in ways that confirm their beliefs and resist/avoid media that challenge their beliefs – if someone believes something doesn’t exist, they won’t interpret messages as confirming that perception – argues people rarely inhabit a media environment that challenges their social identities Uses and gratifications: people use media messages and find various types of gratification in some texts rather than others (information, personal identity, integration and social interaction, entertainment) Cultural values and media consumption
o Factors influencing media selection: loyalty to particular channels, preferences for certain types of shows, language of the program Agendasetting capacity: power of media coverage to influence the individuals view of which topics are more salient than others – power to influence peoples view of the world – how media coverage correlates with audience’s perception of reality If you want to learn more check out which sea is 4th largest land-locked sea in the world?
Cultivation theory: proposes that longterm immersion in a media environment leads to “cultivation,” into shared beliefs about the world – argues media coverage shapes attitudes about ones society and the issues it faces
Media hegemony: process by which we consent to social constructions rather than having them imposed on us – consent to understanding as reflected in media representations
Chapter 14:
Importance of social media: interactive media is pervasive, understanding and having good media skills will help you be more successful personally and professionally
Interactive media and communication choices
Media richness theory: describes the potential informationcarrying capacity of a communication medium, FTF is the richest Social presence: the feelings of psychological closeness or immediacy that people experience when they interact with each other Social presence theory: FTF has the highest social presence and media vary in the amount of presence they convey
Collapsing contexts: we don’t always know exactly who we are speaking to and the communication context We also discuss several other topics like what type of reciprocity that exchange between closely-related people, without expectation of return?
Spreadability: ease to which content can be spread
Selfpresentation: we are motivated to control the impressions other have of us – to influence them to think of us in the ways we want and to create an image that is consistent with our selfconcept and personal identity
o Standard information
o Sensitive personal information
o Potentially stigmatizing information
Anonymity and pseudoanonymity: false name, state of disguised identity
Trolling: person who starts quarrels or upsets people on the Internet to distract and sow discord by posting inflammatory and digressive, extraneous, or offtopic messages
Spam: unsolicited emails
Phishing: practice of trying fraudulently to get consumer banking and credit card information
Cyberbullying: delilberate and repeated misuse of communication technology by an individual or group to threaten or harm others Digital divide: inequality of access between the technology haves and have nots
Cultural capital: cultural knowledge and cultural competencies that people need to function effectively in society
Technocapital: access to technological skills and resources Online ethics
o Presentation of identity online
o Privacy issues
o Posting ethical messages
o Building online relationships
Relational Dialectics Theory Lecture:
Relational dialectics:highlight the tension in close relationships, interplay between contrary and opposing tendencies
Dialectical tensions: exists within a relationship (internal) and between a couple and their communities (external)
Internal dialects: connectedness and separateness, certainty and uncertainty, openness and closedness
External dialects: exclusion and inclusion, conventionality and
uniqueness, revealation and concealment
Gender role dialectic: tension between enacting traditional gender roles and developing new ones
Conflict
o Conflict in relationships is not inherently “bad”
o Conflict is a natural consequence of two people being in a close relationship
o Conflict leads to personal and relational growth
Dialogue
o Is respectful of the other
o Does not mean complete unity with other, it is an experience of difference
o Creates new meanings