Description
PHILOSOPHY MIDTERM EXAM
INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY
I. Etymology
The word philosophy means “love of wisdom”
The earliest philosophers were wise teachers
II. “Queen of Sciences”
1st subject and discipline
Natural v social sciences
What is the simplest form of all things?
Fire, water, earth, numbers, atoms?
III. Hard Questions
Does God exist?
Is this real? If you want to learn more check out unlv hist 100
Philosophy factors
metaphysics
the study of beyond ultimate reality
meta (above and beyond)
what is real?
epistemology
the study of knowledge
If you want to learn more check out a school newspaper reporter decides to randomly survey
what can I know?
axiology
the study of ethics (judgment of moral principle)
aesthetics
art
beauty
logic
the study of argumentation and reasoning
LOGIC
The study of reasoning
The study of argumentation
an attempt to persuade by rational meanings
1. premises (at least two)
2. conclusions
premises – lend support to the conclusions
conclusion – the statement of the point being argued for
treat premises like assumptions
Valid: in a valid argument the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. In a valid argument that if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true Wellreasoned
Good form
Soundness: An argument is valid and has true premises. Strive for a true conclusion
Invalid argument
INFORMAL FALLACIES
BEGGING THE QUESTION
The fallacy of begging the question/ circular reasoning/ arguing in a circle/ question begging If you want to learn more check out psych 110
to assume the truth of what is in dispute
Pedro: God exists
Erica: How do you know?
Pedro: it says it in the bible If you want to learn more check out What is a neutral axis?
Erica: How do you know the bible is authentic?
Pedro: because it’s the word of God
APPEAL TO IGNORANCE
The fallacy of appeal to ignorance means arguing from ignorance to make a knowledge claim
based on no information
shifts burden of proof
there is no evidence to the contrary, therefore it must be true
I guess I didn’t get the job. They never called me
She hasn’t said she doesn’t like you right? So, she’s interested
SLIPPERY SLOPE
The fallacy of slippery slope/ domino fallacy means assuming that one event necessarily leads to a chain of events If you want to learn more check out psyc1001 - psychology 1001 notes
things that have yet to happen
QUESTIONABLE CAUSE
A cause of fallacy that had already happened
post hoc, ergo propter hoc
after this, therefore because of this
We never had a problem with the elevator until you moved in
Confusion of cause and effect
causal implication
CONFUSION OF A NECESSARY WITH A SUFFICIENT CONDITION (FORMAL)
Affirming the consequence form or denying the antecedent
I don’t know why the car won’t run, I just filled the gas
there are many reasons of why the car didn’t start or why If you want to learn more check out rel 108 uiuc
something didn’t happen
UNWARRANTED GENERALIZATION
The fallacy of unwarranted generalization is a weak inductive argument too small sample sizes
unrepresentative data
Based on one bad experience
FALSE DILEMMA/FALSE ALTERNATIVES
Dilemma means two alternatives but neither one is desirable
maybe there isn’t always two choices
assuming there are fewer possibilities
FAULTY ANALOGY
This fallacy consists in assuming that because two things are alike in one or more respects, they are necessarily alike in some ways
comparing two things that are not the same
AD HOMINEM
Is Latin for abusing the man or abusing the person
Attacking the person to undermine their position or their argument because you attack someone the that means you think they are not credible
STRAW MAN (COMMON MORE DANGEROUS)
This fallacy occurs when, in attempting to refute another person’s argument, you address only a weak or distorted version of it.
It is a distortion or mischaracterization of a position or an argument to make it seem weaker
“so, what you’re saying is, misconception”
RED HERRING
This fallacy consists in diverting attention from the real issue by focusing instead on an issue having only a surface relevance to the first
diverting attention from the main issue to a side issue, which is not necessarily relevant
EQUIVOCATION
The fallacy of equivocation occurs when a key term or phrase in an argument is used in an ambiguous way. To infer a mistaken meaning
INCONSTISTENCY
A person commits the fallacy of inconsistently when he or she makes contradictory claims
Not that either claim is necessarily false. They can’t both be true at the same time
I am not sexist but then says something sexist
IRRELEVANT AUTHORITY
The appeal to common opinion
just because a lot of people believe it, doesn’t mean it’s true
someone is successful/famous therefore what they are saying must be true
Appeal to celebrity
Appeal to intelligence
TWO WRONGS
“if others are doing it I can too”
“you do it too”
Hypocrite for saying this therefore your criticism is wrong
“big deal a lot of people cheat too”
IS OUGHT
Aka the naturalistic fallacy. It is this way, so it should be this way. It isn’t this way, so it shouldn’t be this way
An appeal to nature
Its natural = good
Its unnatural = bad
An appeal to the status quo
An appeal to tradition
An appeal to legality
OUGHT IS
Wishful thinking fallacy
it should be this way, therefore it is this way
it shouldn’t be this way, therefore it isn’t this way
Desire for what is true
DESCARTES
(15961650)
The modern period of philosophy
The father of modern philosophy
What can we know to be true?
Trying to figure out what he can be certain of
Concerned about the limited sense of knowledge
PLATO
student of Societies
world becoming v world being
influenced by many
Platonic dualism / Plato’s Theory of Forms
the essence precedes existence
trying to explain essence
what makes something
what is it?
HUME
Hume “Bundle Theory of Self”
self is nothing more than sense impressions strung together by memory there is no empirical basis for belief in self
KANT
KANT’S REVISION
the a priori and synthetic knowledge
An informative statement about reality the truth of which that is
independent known as sense experience
KANT’S FACULTIES OF THE MIND
1). Faculty of intuition (aka faculty of perception)
space: “parallel lines never intersect”
time: “7 + 5 = 12”
2). Faculty of understanding
12 pure categories
unity/plurality/totality
every event has a cause
3). Faculty of reason
causation
MEMENTO
MAIN:
Leonard:
man hunting down John G because he raped and murders his wife. He killed Teddy. He has short term memory loss. Has crazy tattoos of things he will forget. He captured Dodd. Said to get rid of him for Natalie Teddy:
knows Leonard has short term memory loss
Natalie:
gives Leonard information about John G. she also lost someone. She will help Leonard out of pity and gain. She lost Jimmy. Jimmy was killed by Teddy
SUPPORTING:
Burt:
Dodd:
beat up Natalie. Captured by Leonard
Sammy Jenkins:
short term memory loss. It was very bad. Learned from conditioning and repetition. Avoid not by memory but by instinct
Mrs. Jenkins:
Jimmy:
killed by Teddy
SELF
THEORY OF SELF
transcendental unity of apperception
self is the activity of stringing together one’s conscious experience self is a process rather than a thing
much of psychology is based of self
KANT CONTINUED
in truth chapter
HUME CONTINUED
in knowledge chapter
LOCKE
DESCARTES CONTINUED