Description
Study Guide Exam 3
The Northern Renaissance
The Renaissance is spreading to Northern Parts of Europe
Northern Parts of Europe are experiencing war like France and Italy no central power and severed alliances between states
Expansion of Renaissance Ideals
Ideals dominated French influence
France begins to show power
Trade routes are established from Italy to the rest of Europe France England, Spain, and Germany
Spreading of humanism philosophy outside of Italy caused multi
denominations to form
By trading and traveling to portcity states
Printing press helped get the word out block printing made transcribing
obsolete
Newer monarch’s supporter humanism
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael spread ideals as they
traveled
Northern Renaissance History
Humanists initiated the doubt of the church
The Black Plague soiled the purity of the church
The 100 Years War crusades for Frances throne (failed)
Faster growth of cities and population
The Northern European Ideas vs the Renaissance
Northern Humanists
If you want to learn more check out What is a person who hides their feelings called?
were more focused on
religion rather than
secularity
Wanted social reforms
based on Christian
values
The war of 1494 in
Italy caused people to
immigrate to northern Europe and spread ideals
Study Guide Exam 3
Focused with Astrology
Copernicus began the scientific theory and heliocentric cosmetology
Cartographers were starting to make maps when traveling around the world Urban Plazas and City Layout
Jacques Androuet Cerceau
French architect who brought plaza ideals to Paris If you want to learn more check out In his address to the court after his attempted beerhall putsch hitler pleaded guilty for what?
Medieval and Italian Renaissance Plaza
Elements of urban design were not unified
Northern European Plaza
Effective plaza usage and became a landmark as well, unity Don't forget about the age old question of How many identical facades are shown in andrea palladio's villa rotonda?
We also discuss several other topics like What do we call the language acquired while a person is growing up?
French, English and Italian Garden Distinction
French
Absolute command of nature
Manmade, geometrically precise
England
Sympathy towards nature
Taming nature We also discuss several other topics like Which ions are the highest concentration in the ecf?
Italian
Terraced gardens
Living among nature
The Renaissance in Spain If you want to learn more check out Why does my pee spray in different directions?
The Spanish Renaissance blended Humanist Style with Moorish
Ex: The Escorial Palace (domes and various Italian architecture combined)
The Renaissance in England
Small usage of arches and colonnades
Ex: Wollaton Hall (medieval like structure)
The Renaissance also brought William
Shakespeare literature
The Renaissance in France
Study Guide Exam 3
The Chateau in Chambord
French Renaissance
Used columns, domes, and various shapes
Blended Moorish Spain domes with Italian
renaissance arches and English turrets
Loire Valley
South of Paris
First region to accept absolutism
monarch with absolute power, no laws or
opposition to him
Bold square palaces with Greek and
Roman columns
Rounded headed arches
Baluster → a railway or banister for staircase
The Environment
Land was a commodity
Agriculture tech changed to aesthetic focus
The wool and sheep trade prospered with open lands set aside for
domestication
Shipbuilding rose in the market industry but caused deforestation
Villeggiatura leisure activity within quiet villa gardens
A Monarch
Francis I
Autocratic monarch of France permanently
fighting with Charles V for hegemony of
Europe
Helped chateaus spread
Earliest chateaus had modest
garden spaces
many sites were for chateaus but
were limited on expansion because of the medieval layout
Newer chateaus were less restrictive and developed during the
midrenaissance
Meeting spot for King Philip, Augustus of France, and
Henry II of England
Manor homes also rose / residences for the lord of a manor or
country house with nobility without fortifications
Study Guide Exam 3
Brought important Italian renaissance figures to France
Vignola → architect Villa Lante and Leonardo Da Vinci
Chateaus
Château de Chambord
Expensive hunting lodge
linking the chateau through
allees
allees→ a feature of the
french formal garden
that was a promenade and an extension of the view
Were terminated by a garden, temple, or illusion of infinity over
the horizon
Chenonceaux
Laid the foundation for the creation of expansive
and grand private gardens
Only chateaus to be featured over a water
system
Symbol of royalty
2nd most visited chateaux
English Renaissance Adaptations
The Elimination of an Absolute Monarch
Short lived
Significant reconstruction for all social classes
except for the poor
Countryside development was dormant
because of expansive population
Nonaristocratic people owned land as well
(wasn't prominent prior)
Feudal manors + renaissance design
Country Housing
Study Guide Exam 3
Isolationism private gardens, private manor, private game range for hunting Occupied former village sites remodeled areas with same materials
conformed to medieval town structures
Overall geometric order isn't very
prominent more exhibited in England
Ex: Montecute
The Hatfield House
Queen Elizabeth I’s House
Build on the royal palace of
Hatfield
4 wings in a square with a central courtyard
The gardens were maintained but not excessively tamed like French gardens Fortress Towns
Sébastien Le Prestre De Vauban (16331707)
One of the greatest military engineers
Invented The bayonet ‘
Created science out of urban fortification
Created the French International Waterway Trade +Military
Fortification with the town design
Neuf Brisach
Location: France
Laid out by Vauban in the 1600’s
Hilltop fortress using bastions
Bastions → angular
structures projecting
outward from the curtain
wall at the corners
Materials to build came from a
destroyed town nearby
Used the gridiron system throughout the town
9 streets in each direction with a ring road surface
Square had a church, townhall, and marketplace
Study Guide Exam 3
Built initially formulary purposes then the population grew, and it
became a town
Vitry Le Francois
Location: France
Used the gridiron system
with bastions
Symmetrical fortification
4 primary streets in the
central square
Castle areas inside for nobility and were detached from residential area
Charleville
Location: France
Irregular gridiron pattern with a central square the
town was mostly parallel
Closely knit residential enclaves
4 gateways and 2 primaries central square with
arches and arcades surrounding the gridded streets
Fortification was with walls and bastions
Nancy
Location: France
Medieval town + Renaissance City
Connected areas instead of rebuilding
Organic town
Home to the Place Royale a square to
Louis XV that meets along 2 axes
Cohesive urban design instead of
piecemeal
French Renaissance Town
PreRenaissance
Paris was Lutetia before it was called Paris
Study Guide Exam 3
Lightly fortified medieval town that was
destroyed by barbarian hordes
Paris was renamed Paris in 360 AD
705 Early Paris small walled area /
farmland
1180 agriculture villages
1223 villages with public spaces and
increased agriculture
1422 city core develops, and agriculture
goes to outskirts
1643 renaissance plan develops major spaces and weblike connections 1705 city horizontally spread and agriculture gets pushed further outwards
The Rule of Henry V
Wanted to establish Paris as the Royal Capital of Europe which glorified
the monarch system
Improve the city’s appearance, economy, symbolism, functionality, and
sanitation
Removed medieval walls, created public spaces, infrastructure, and
major buildings
Incorporated the parvis in front of churches
Villa Organization and Urban Design
Villas provide spatial framework of largescale estates and components
Urban designing was the processes of shaping towns and villages
It was necessary to address the larger scaled districts to make them more functional, attractive, and sustainable (contribution of Northern Europe)
Place Des Vosges
Originally velvet manufacturing industry and
worker space turned into a residential area with
housing units
The elite housing was separated
Royal sculpture in the center and entrance was
along the primary axis
Study Guide Exam 3
French Renaissance Garden Designs
Elements of Gardens
Palmettes → motif that resembles a fan shape
Parterre Patterns → space in the garden occupied by ornamental
arrangement of flower beds
Arabesques → a series of the small pattern - usually scrolling or
interlacing foliage
Monograms → overlapping two or more letters and graphemes to form a symbol
Palisades → clipped cone shaped yews and space defining edges Traité du Jardinage
The first book written about landscape design
Written by Jacques Boyceau
Recognized garden making as a profession
Categorized parterres
States that garden making required geometry, architecture,
aesthetic, draftsmanship, perspective and proportion
The Buffet D’eau
A collection of villa water elements
packed though largescale gardens
The Grotto
Ornamental Cascade
Sculptural Fountain
Fountain Arrangement
Blois (1500)
Study Guide Exam 3
The Chateau
Shaped like a broken L prior to
symmetry added
The garden did not unite the chateau
but were on a common axis
The Garden
Built by King Francis I
3 terraced levels bordered by old walls
Aside from the flowers, there was an
orangery with citrus trees , vegetables, and boxed trees
Ancy Le Franc (1544)
Designed by Sebastiano Serlio
Established axial symmetry and unity
between house and garden for the first
time in France
Sited on a demolished old fort with used
foundations moat surrounding
The Baroque and Enlightenment Era
The Baroque Era (15851750)
The term Baroque → “irregular shaped pearl” - refers to the strangeness of the aesthetic of the era
The era was a continuation of the Renaissance era since there is still humanist influence but is more ornamental and symbolizes a new rise in power and culture Aimed to break Classicism
The Last of Universal styles in European architecture
Fragmented trends continue through the 19th century
The next movement is Modernism in 20th century
History of the Baroque Era
Study Guide Exam 3
Renaissance and Baroque style for 350 years
Baroque → odd, misshapen, irregularity,
order, balance, “pure classicism”
The baroque style focuses on space
occupation
The Grand Manner
Shoes the idealized aesthetic style from
classical art and modernization of
classicist design of the baroque era
Design visual metaphors to suggest noble qualities on an even larger scale Began with planning Rome under Pope Sixtus V rule
government leaders and public buildings anchored the scheme
Design elements
Axial extensions to the horizon the bigger picture
Paths lined with shrubs
Intersections and central features
Sculptures and monuments
Planning Features
Elimination of fortification boulevards were built so the city could expand Boulevards → tree planted lined roads that attract recreational activity (commercial) and created scenery among public spaces for a strong impression
Fortification came with chain fort cities built around major cities unified bastions (porcupine effect)
Public space and life are connected through sight lines radiating elements from courts or seats of government long vistas through diagonal conversions into a central point Organic space was replaced with planned
Urban squares → designed as stages for public life & commemorated heroes Monuments → placed on hillsides for ease of viewing
Garden design became the smaller version of a symbolic city layout
Study Guide Exam 3
Monarch Louis XIV
Established France as the leading power of Europe
Absolute Monarch
Confidence in human power and dominance over nature
Gardens showed off human achievement
Developed a cityscape instead of landscape
Broader avenues for rapid movement destroyed environment Andre Le Notre
Principal gardener for King Louis XIV
Designed the Palace of Versailles
The height of french formal garden style including horizon, defined paths with shrubs/trees, central features, and themed sculptures
Vaux Le Vicomte (1640)
Owned by Nicholas Fouquet
Used geometric order and harmonious proportions
Parterres mixed with flowers and paving materials
Employed anamorphosis abscondita → hidden
distortion to develop perspective
Designing reflection pools differences because of
scaling and distance
Focused on front view so distortion was prevalent
in the back
Versailles (1600’s)
Suburb of Paris
originally laid out by Claude Mollet and Hillarie
Masson as part of the Chateau before Le Notre
Dame altered it
It was a hunting lodge that was hilly and marshy
prior
The city and garden radiated from the palace
after renovations
Study Guide Exam 3
many sculptures within represented green gods and goddesses
Central alee led to principal chateau and through garden
Successional avenues (tree lined avenues converged into patte d’oie
All axes end in a major landscape feature / round area
Bosquets → groves, formal plantation of trees (at least 5) that are
completely lined up, used orchards typically
Order and uniformity in each phase
Blended Romanesque and Gothic Architecture
The central point was always the King’s quarters
Center of the palace
Fountain in the center of the square showed populace subservience to
the king
The entirety of the Palace was extremely expensive only nobles were
influenced by Louis XIV
Ideas were treated as realities the “make believe world” of the power
and rich
Real world problems were treated as if they were imaginary
Set a tapis vert trend
Expansive lawn and major elements of
french architecture
Conformation to the terrain
The Grand Canal
Prolongs along the eastwest axis
Collected water drained from the fountains in
the garden above (lower terrain)
A venue for boating parties
Dissemination of French Design Ideals
The Louvre
Located in Paris, France
1200 wolf hunting den
1540 residential under Francis I
1546 The Square Court was built to bring
together the sciences and arts
Study Guide Exam 3
Now a British Museum inner court, exterior court, and garden
The grand symmetrical piece is connected to cours la reine
The London Squares
Symbolic spaces rather than public spaces
The Great Fire in 1666 burned down 400
acres of land
Rebuilding made adjustments removed
walls, same street patterns, symmetrically
planned squares and arcades,
memorializing heroes (which was rare)
Christopher Wren
Created a style that was architecturally pleasant for rebuilding but was
never implemented because of its lack of consideration for the needs of
the city
The London Promenades
Promenades a place intended for walking
Smaller scale than boulevards
Allowed the city to grow by districts because of scale
Rococo Style (18th century)
Postbaroque era style
Against baroque specifically Versailles style
More humorous , intricate, and graceful approach
to Baroque design
Italian Rococo Gardens
Terraces and stairways over straight axes
Water features were larger
garden s glorified owners not kings
Outdoor theaters
La Giardino Gardens (1624)
Florence
Study Guide Exam 3
Villa garden around central court
Tuscan design combined with parterre patterns with
water this is the first example of this feature
Water fountain, bowling lane, grand entrance,
limonaia (limonaia) and water parterre
Early Colonial Settlements
European influence (15001600s)
Colonists with economic motives with Spanish, Dutch, French, and English backgrounds
The French influence on city layout was less dominant some influence on gardens
Gardens were segregated by function
Spanish Colonial Settlements
First European power to establish settlements
functionally based
1550 settlements from Cuba to Florida, Arkansas, and down the eastern seaboard
3 settlements
The Mission religious/ churches, some residences
The Military Presidio fort/ wall/ military structures and core
The Civilian Pueblo small walled, residences, government buildings, central space
British Colonial Settlements
Jamestown Virginia and Plymouth Massachusetts
Fortified villages with palisaded (stake walls)
Regional square planning with agricultural community denser village Commenced trade and port town trade
English Townships
Form based
Security purposes central villages instead of scattered
Town Types
Linear Towns straight settlements
Compact town square or gridded system
Organic Settlements unplanned / organic settlements
Study Guide Exam 3
William Penn & Pennsylvania
Designed Pennsylvania with rural hamlets and villages would be reminiscent of the capital Philadelphia
Houses were spread out so that fires won’t destroy it all (in the case of) A central square with minor squares around a grid with 2 straight primary axes The central public square was public forum while minor squares were
green spaces
Enlightenment and Romantic Era
Philosophy is changing and the concept of landscape as a diverse scenery instead of rigid style is appreciated and accepted
Poetry and landscape drawings/paintings stimulated interest in rural landscape landscape is reflected to create a sensation and mood
Controlled versions of nature that appeared uncontrolled. A perfect example is seen at Ragley Hall in England
Enlightenment Ideals
Enlightenment Begins in
the 18th century as a
cultural movement of
intellectuals of European
and American colonies
sought to reform society
with reason and a
knowledge
Isaac Newton → scientific discoveries like gravity, calculus, laws of motion, light, and reflection
“The Mind was an instrument for inductive reasoning and the landscape was a theatre for experience”
Exploring the landscape and finding items within helped developed the Observation and Theory scientific discoveries which used geometric potential in the human landscape space
Study Guide Exam 3
Observation → the desire to examine the structure of the natural phenomena - plants, scenery, landscape - reproducing organic spaces geometrically
Theory → the exposition of concepts that could explain natural
phenomena - generalizations to explain nature rationally
Great Britain fostered landscape ideals inheritors of renaissance humanism who rejected religious convictions predecessors
London and Bath were urbanized and good for design and inquiry
Romanticism
Artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that
originated in Europe around the 18th century and
peaked around 18001840
Romanticism consisted of revolting against
aristocracy, social, and political norms this was the
age of pure scientific rationalization
Jean Jacque Rousseau was the father of
Romanticism
18th century gardens consisted of reflection, imagination, recognition, and submergence
John Nash
Planned regent park in 1811 a major park that became
part of the Buckingham Palace
The park was a reaction against the Rococo style
classical these that it employed were lost due to
ignorance of symbolism
Designed in the neoclassicism manner revival of
classical antiquity styles with a range of styles that were
inspired by the classical period which reflects the
philosophy of the enlightenment
Merged neoclassicism ideas with naturalistic approach
Became the framework for future suburban designs in London
The Rural Industry
Agriculture decreased and industry increased
Study Guide Exam 3
The middle class moved to rural areas and went towards individual trades Small cottages with manufacturing society this smallscale practice led to the industrial revolution later
The emergence of a new landscape style
Landskip “ A portion of land which the
eye can comprehend at a glance” The
Wilderness and something to be
interpreted through experience and
graceful portrayal of Arts of writing and
painting
Urban relating to city or densely populated
area
rural relating to Countryside
Agrarian values of rural society as Superior to Urban Society, the independent farmers was superior to the paid worker farming was a way of life that shaped social values and was selfsufficient
the English Gardens
17th century a form of symmetrical French dominated Style very Tamed 18th century naturalistic asymmetrical and organic let's focus on straight lines
18th century ( early) older temples, ruins, and obelisks
the late 18th century included more natural features ( Chinese
influence)
influenced by the desire to get rid of the landscape of French absolutism 1688 political development with a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system
Whig landowners became oriented towards Country Estates and
supported constitutional governments
Tories were still loyal to the absolute crown
return to classicism through naturalistic framework
Joseph Addison, Alexander Pope, Anthony Cooper
all were poets and philosophers promoting a free landscape
philosophize that nature was naturally ideal because it sought equilibrium Joseph Addison
“ man might make a pretty landscape of his own processions”
Study Guide Exam 3
went about planting Oaks on hilltops and seeing the beauty of
Willowfield marshes, open flower fields are also scenic
Alexander Pope
“ Good sense is essential to a garden”
nature itself is a genius of place not
the lavish work of the designer
“ to create a garden is to paint a
landscape”
the Claude Glass and Landskip View
Claude glass designed by Claude Lorrain
a small mirror slightly convex and shape with
surface tinted with a dark color
created a fake review using this mirror to give a better perspective
Influential Garden designers
“ landscape designers” developed and promoted new styles of writing, philosophizing, and poetry
combined the parterres, natural scape, and patte d’oie to create the English Baroque Style
William Kent ( 1685 1748)
A landscape painter and theater set designer who helped transition the
architectural style and design to more of a naturalistic approach
composed Gardens pictorially and gave fancy names to spaces
worked without level or line to create moving pictures
implemented “Fabrique” sham ruins into
natural designs
planted dead trees for mood in the landscape
Rousham Oxfordshire 1730
the estate was a garden
sculptures were dotted
clustering and clearings were motif
scenes were not framed from a single
point and the views were framed as visual events
Lancelot capability Brown ( 1715 1783)
learned at the garden design from William Kent but wanted a fully naturalistic design Style
visualize the capability of the site thus his name capability
Study Guide Exam 3
concerned with Harmony and organic line
implementing flowing curves, curvilinear paths, and
organic Lakes
Disguised Farmland to look more natural and
removed special naming for all locations
worked on the Stowe Garden with Kent to
provide Horticultural knowledge
Representative projects
Stowe, Buckinghamshire ( 1714)
Charles Bridgeman are initially
created axial views terminated
by agricultural features with
trees along the perimeter
William Kent provided relaxed
geometrical boundaries
divided the lake into irregularly shaped ponds
Grecian Vale
Brown began to work and extended Grecian
Valley to create a south lawn
Humphrey Repton ( 1752 1818)
A writer and painter who became a landscape designer
The first person to advertise as a landscape gardener
Inserted Gardens into nature to correct Nature's imperfections and combined formalism and naturalism
Red books reintroduced geometrically planned Garden details around the house to contrast the foreground to the sculpted
landscape Beyond
changed the paths and changed the perspective to become more
natural
Used before and after scenes to compare paintings or drawings
Design Elements of English Romantic Gardens
Study Guide Exam 3
Enclosed estates made their gardens
look like their ideal country life
Pastoral → portraying or
evoking the idea country
life in a romanticized form
Lakes and hills were manufactured
and framed by trees
“AntiVersailles” gardens
Program → gently rolling hills,
free form lakes, groves and
animal herds
The Ha-Ha → a sunken wall or ditch that permits distant views of fields while keeping grazing animals away from living areas
Design alteration was necessary to avoid using fake materials an
uninterrupted view
Ferme Ornee (pastoralism +
agrarianism) → the idea of working
form decorated like a garden -
ornamental farm
William Shenstone is good at
designing these
Perimeter walks separate scenes
of the garden
Latin inscription on sculptures
classical element
Clustered trees keeping the focus inward
William Shenstone (17141763)
Study Guide Exam 3
First to use the term “Landscape gardening” in
“Unconnected Thoughts on Gardens”
Began the movement towards the term “landscape
architect” which was not used till a century later
Chinese Gardens
Images and descriptions of Chinese Gardens brought back to
Europe by the Jesuits
Jesuits Christian male religious order who follow and
practice the Roman Catholic faith
Imperial gardens and irregular forms
Chinoiseries → Chinese themed textiles, ceramics,
wallpaper, and furniture
The imitation of Chinese motifs later became popular in English gardens & the elite class
Stylistic Controversy
The rise of Chinoiseries was fueled by the aesthetic rebellion against formalism in the form of naturalistic decided which was interrupted by the idea of space As beautiful (Hogarth) as picturesque (Gilpin) , and as sublime (Chinese) The idea of antiquity that Chinese gardens brought was “pleasing, enchanting, and horrid (terror)”
Sublime elements should contain terror
William Hogarth Landscape as beautiful
The Analysis of Beauty the S curve was the most beautiful form
The serpentine design expressed beauty in the landscape smooth,
gentle transition, not rugged
William Gilpin The picturesque
Design your garden as if you are painting
The landscape should be viewed as picturesque worthy of a painting
Chinese Influence
“Spontaneous beauty”
The masters of rearranging nature creates a poetic reference and
inspired forms in their gardens the asymmetry created visual garden
The view of the gardens was more conceptual along with naturalistic
poetic
Confucian Influence
Introduces status as a cultural education rather than birthright
Study Guide Exam 3
Influenced rebellions in Europe against absolutist rule
Middle class began rural migration
Chinese Gardens
The Garden of Perfect
Brightness
700 acres with water
covering of the site ⅓
Established as the seat of
government in Qianlong
Destroyed during the war
with France and Britain in
the 19th century
3 linked areas recreates topography and waterscape for 3 regions in
China
40 scenes were painted of the garden and were designated by Qianlong
English + Chinese Shared design principles
Framing → a technique to frame the view of the garden for focus on a subject - view through intricate lattice work windows and screens -
tree framing as well
Allusion → call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly - calling on scenes or inscribing structures - metaphysical passages
Narrative → the Chinese narrative was more interpretation, mood evoking, and symbolic with nature
The Landscape Garden in France
A hybrid style of English and Chinese gardens
Anglochinois hybrid style that combined English,
Chinese, and French styles
Winding paths, irregular shapes decorative
spices
Early American Gardens
The war with nature was fought clearing
forests, cultivating land , destroying grounds
Study Guide Exam 3
Seed exchanges: native American plant seeds transported to Europe and vice versa
Botanical Exploration the unexplored region of the Louisiana [purchase
because testing areas for expeditions
Horticultural exploration
George Washington
A plantsman and farmer
Laid out grounds for Mount Vernon estate in Virginia with farmland
The plan was symmetrical and linked with curvilinear path
Picturesque views
ornamental gardens
Thomas Jefferson
First American ambassador in
France
Adapting the naturalistic English
style gardens into the American
landscape
Land was a commodity
The National Grid a
mathematical system of ordered parceling of land
The Public Land Survey System a 36 square mile squares
(Township formed by N S meridian lines (the rows)) (ranges E
W running lines (columns)) (sections 1mile size locators)