.lst-kix_rgnnylvvv3z6-1 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_g02oy3ka5w30-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g02oy3ka5w30-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g02oy3ka5w30-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_rgnnylvvv3z6-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_g02oy3ka5w30-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g02oy3ka5w30-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_rgnnylvvv3z6-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_g02oy3ka5w30-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g02oy3ka5w30-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g02oy3ka5w30-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_rgnnylvvv3z6-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_g02oy3ka5wWe also discuss several other topics like <a href='https://studysoup.com/guide/329006/unibiol'>What are the 3 categories of tissues?</a><br>Don't forget about the age old question of <a href='https://studysoup.com/guide/328989/unfunded-liabilities-are-one-consequence-of-the-preference-for-clear-benefits-hidden-costs-by-politicians'>the political tendency to favor spending priorities with immediate benefits but deferred costs results in</a><br>Don't forget about the age old question of <a href='https://studysoup.com/guide/328987/fdmath'>fdmath</a><br>If you want to learn more check out <a href='https://studysoup.com/guide/328939/serpentine-receptor'>serpentine receptor</a><br>If you want to learn more check out <a href='https://studysoup.com/guide/328898/mississippi-business-law-study-guide'>How do we classify Law?</a><br>If you want to learn more check out <a href='https://studysoup.com/guide/328885/pace-230'>eco230</a><br>30-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_rgnnylvvv3z6-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_laqb6e9k18yd-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_laqb6e9k18yd-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_laqb6e9k18yd-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_laqb6e9k18yd-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_laqb6e9k18yd-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_laqb6e9k18yd-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_rgnnylvvv3z6-0 > li:before{content:"- 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Immigration & Citizenship Bilingual Education

• Bilingual education: instruction in 2+ languages
• Strong bi ed:

• bilingualism and biliteracy
• maintenance of native language
• additive

• Weak:

• monolingualism and limited bilingualism
• assimilation, a partheid
• often includes segregation

• Permissive Period: 1700-1860

• Bi ed was common
• Ohio-1839 = passed the 1st law regarding bi ed en U.S. Required German / English instruction
• Louisiana: French / English.
• New Mexico: 1850 Spanish / English
• Other territories followed but many places provided bi ed without passing laws

• Restrictive Period: 1860s - 1960s

• 1882 Act to Regulate Immigration

• prohibited entry to any person that can't take care of themselves

• Naturalization Act of 1906

• made knowledge of English a requirement for naturalization

• WW It WWII

• fears of loyalty, esp. of German speakers
• English only laws
• By 1923, 34 states had English only Instruction rules

• Johnson-Reed Act of 1924.

• created Visas and Passports
• No visas for Asians - "unassimilable"

• created the idea of illegal aliens
• some groups exempted:

• Western Hemisphere Agreement (Canada and Mexico)
• Colonial properties like Philippines and Puerto Rico

• We still had a population of people who did not speak English as 1st language
• Opportunistic Period 1960s-1980s.

• launching of Sputnik
• National Defense Education Act 1958

• funding for math, science, foreign language

• Civil Rights Act 1964

• prohibits discrimination based on race, ethnicitya

• Immigration Act 1965

• abolished quota formula for visas

• Coral Way Elementary

• established in Miami for Cuban refugees
• successful bilingual school

• 1968 Title 7 of Elementary and Secondary Education Act: 1st bilingual + bicultural education program approved at fed level

• offered funding to schools for teaching foreign languages.
• did not force schools
• provoked people to express language superiority

• Supreme Court Case Law v. Nichols (1975)

• found that there is no equality of opportunity provided when instruction is provided in a language which the students don't understand

• Current Period (1980s-Now)

• Cold War Ended, no more global competition.
• Shift in Title 7 funds to English-only programs
• Proposition 187 (1994) "Save Our State” in Cali

• deny social services to undocumented children
• modified in 227 to prohibit bilingual ed

• Several states have passed English-only laws

References: