GEOLOGY TEST #1 STUDY GUIDE

What is the difference between mafic and felsic rocks?

1. What is the difference between mafic and felsic rocks?

2. What is a mineral?

3. Explain the difference between silicates and non-silicates.

4. What is a Ferromagnesian Silicate? Give an example.

5. What is a Non-Ferromagnesian Silicate? Give an example.

6. What are Igneous Rocks?

7. Explain extrusive and intrusive rocks.

8. Define/describe phaneritic, aphaneritic, and porphyritic

9. Briefly explain the formation of silicates.

10. Explain the Law of Superposition and Law of Original Horizontality. Who came up with  these laws?

11. Write out Bowen’s Reaction Series.

12. Explain the Silica tetrahedral.

13. Explain the 4 steps of the Scientific Method.

Explain the difference between silicates and non-silicates.

14. Why is the moon important?

15. What is the difference between cleavage and fracture? Give an example of each. 16. List 5 of the defining properties of a mineral.

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GEOLOGY TEST #1 STUDY GUIDE

MATCHING:

Answers can be used once, more than once, or  not at all

A. Charges:

1. Silicon (Si)

2. Oxygen (O)

3. Aluminum (Al)

4. Magnesium (Mg)

5. Iron (Fe) Don't forget about the age old question of What are large molecules necessary for forms of life?

6. Sodium (Na)

7. Potassium (K)

8. Calcium (Ca)

B. Non-Silicates

1. Phosphate  If you want to learn more check out Is correlation and causation are the same?

2. Halides

3. Sulfates

4. Carbonate

What are igneous rocks?

We also discuss several other topics like How does the ohio supreme court get cases?

5. Sulfides

C. Terms:

1. Batholith

2. Laccolith

3. Dike

4. Sill

5. Volcanic Neck

6. Xenolith

D. Earth Systems

1. Lithosphere

2. Hydrosphere

3. Biosphere

4. Atmosphere

a. +3

b. +1

c. +2

d. -2

e. +4

f. -1

g. +5

a. SO4 We also discuss several other topics like What is constitutional isomers of alkanes?

b. CO3 

c. S2- 

d. PO4 

e. F-, Cl-, OH 

a. Rock trapped inside another rock

b. Horizontal intrusion

c. Great mass that used to be the magma  chamber

d. Solidified magma in the throat of the  volcano

e. Vertical intrusion

f. Horizontal intrusion that pushes rocks above  it

a. Composed of water

b. Composed of gas

c. Composed of rock

d. Composed of life

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GEOLOGY TEST #1 STUDY GUIDE

ANSWERS

1. Mafic rocks are darker in color with lower levels of silica, which means they have a low viscosity.  They have an increased amount of Calcium, Iron, and Magnesium. Mafic rocks have Ca-Plagioclase,  Pyroxene, Olivine, and a little bit of Amphibole.

Felsic rocks are lighter in color with higher levels of silica, which means they have a high viscosity.  They have an increased amount of Sodium and Potassium. Felsic rocks have Quartz, K-Feldspar,  Muscovite, Biotite, and Amphibole. Don't forget about the age old question of What is deconstructing conflict?

2. A mineral is solid, inorganic, natural, has a specific chemical composition, and has a crystal-like  pattern.

3. Silicates are rock-forming materials with silicon bonded to oxygen, whereas non-silicates are not  rock-forming materials. We also discuss several other topics like What is the meaning of ethnocentric?

4. A Ferromagnesian silicate has silica, is denser, and is mafic. Some examples are Olivine, Pyroxene,  and Garnet.

5. A Non-Ferromagnesian silicate is less dense and felsic. Some examples are Quartz, Plagioclase  Feldspar, Orthoclase Feldspar.

6. Igneous rocks form from the crystallization of lava or magma.

7. Intrusive rocks form deep under the surface from magma and are usually felsic. Intrusive rocks  typically have larger crystals because the rocks have time to cool and form crystals; they typically have  cleavage.

Extrusive rocks form above ground from lava and are usually mafic. Extrusive rocks do not have  crystals because they cool too quickly for the crystal lattice to form; they typically have fracture.

8. Phaneritic rocks have distinct crystals that are visible to the naked eye

Aphanitic rocks did not have time to form crystals; they are not visible to the naked eye Porphyritic rocks have distinguishable crystals of different sizes

9. Silicates form inside a magma pocket with high levels of silicon and oxygen along with normal  levels of aluminum, magnesium, calcium, iron, potassium, and sodium. As the magma begins to cool, a  silicate tetrahedral (4 oxygen bonded to 1 silicon) is formed. Magnesium, iron, and calcium are the first to bond to the silicate tetrahedral to neutralize the charge and stabilize the bonds. Now that the  substances are stable, other elements can bond to create different minerals.

10. The Law of Superposition states that superficial layers of rocks are younger than deeper layers of  rocks.

The Law of Horizontality states that sediments that flow into a body of water must settle horizontally. Nicholas Steno discovered both of these laws.

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GEOLOGY TEST #1 STUDY GUIDE

11.  

12. The silica tetrahedral has 4 oxygen molecules bonded to every silicon molecule. It has a charge of  -4 so it bonds with other elements to negate the charge.

13. First the problem must be defined and then data is collected and evaluated. Next, a hypothesis (a  scientific explanation) must be formed, and finally the hypothesis must be tested.

14. The moon controls the tides on Earth through its slow orbit. It is responsible for Earth being tilted  on its axis, and therefore is responsible for the seasons.

15. Cleavage is a break along a straight plane, usually found in amphibole and pyroxene. Fracture is  when the rock does not break along a plane, but breaks irregularly, usually found in quartz.

16. Any of the following: Luster, Density, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, Color, Streak, Magnetism,  Double Refraction, Striation, Specific Mass, Taste, Odor

Matching:

A. e, d, a, c, c, b, b, c

B. d, e, a, b, c

C. c, f, e, b, d, a

D. c, a, d, b

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