.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-1 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-1}ol.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-5.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-5 0}ul.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_3zb8yz3mcmen-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3zb8yz3mcmen-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3zb8yz3mcmen-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_3zb8yz3mcmen-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_3zb8yz3mcmen-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-3 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ol.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-4.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-4 0}.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_2i8i9pxoq5a-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-3 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-3}.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-3 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_s3gxwkrppunn-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-2 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-2,lower-roman) ". 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"}ul.lst-kix_s3gxwkrppunn-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_g3afaygredd4-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-0 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-6 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-6,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_g3afaygredd4-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-8 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-8,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-3 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-2 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-2}ol.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-2.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-2 0}.lst-kix_sojwx35cka9b-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_sojwx35cka9b-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_bo7y3tkdnvwm-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_sojwx35cka9b-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_bo7y3tkdnvwm-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_sojwx35cka9b-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_sojwx35cka9b-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_bo7y3tkdnvwm-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_bo7y3tkdnvwm-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_sojwx35cka9b-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_bo7y3tkdnvwm-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_bo7y3tkdnvwm-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_bo7y3tkdnvwm-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_sojwx35cka9b-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_bo7y3tkdnvwm-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_bo7y3tkdnvwm-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_sojwx35cka9b-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_sojwx35cka9b-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_bo7y3tkdnvwm-3 > li:before{content:"- 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li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-6}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-7 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-7}.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_s3gxwkrppunn-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_1vn1iou3k0nz-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-1 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-1,lower-latin) ". "}.lst-kix_s3gxwkrppunn-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_tfhbd5bwgu5-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-8 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-8}.lst-kix_s3gxwkrppunn-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_zceoc5mx0wlg-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ol.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-6.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-6 0}.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_tfhbd5bwgu5-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_tfhbd5bwgu5-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_tfhbd5bwgu5-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_tfhbd5bwgu5-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k9dsg8yy9bu6-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_g3afaygredd4-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_3zb8yz3mcmen-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_g3afaygredd4-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_3zb8yz3mcmen-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_tooh1zkg4zdk-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ol.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-7.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-7 0}ol.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-8.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-8 0}.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-3 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-3,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_1o95pxaiew4u-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-5 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-5,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_g3afaygredd4-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_g3afaygredd4-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_480g5idpza9m-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-7 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_qpjvi2c1enyi-7,lower-latin) ". "}

Skill Progression Don't forget about the age old question of What are the cultural and social factors that influence the marketing environment?

Receptive language: comprehension, virtually always precedes expressive

Expressive language: Creating your own sentences Don't forget about the age old question of What is the English translation of Dharma?

Early Vocalizations

• uses noises to communicate and practice for later language

If you want to learn more check out What is the definition of electronegativity and its periodic trend?

CRY:

• reflexive at first, becomes intentional/goal oriented
• indicates a need
• infants can cry with an “accent"

• i.e. a french baby and a german baby have different sounding cries

We also discuss several other topics like What is the formula of trapezoid?

COO:

• (2-4 months) no intelligible syllables, only vowel sounds
• Start of conversational rules
• happy sound

If you want to learn more check out What is the meaning of terrestrial biomes?

BABBLING:

• (~6 months) repeat syllables like "ma", "da", "ga" (Consonants) origin of "mama" and "dada" & development depends on parents responding

Born Universal Listeners:

• new babies prefer mother language / voice but babies younger than 6 months can distinguish sounds from all languages
• babies lose most of this by 10 months
• facilitates mastering of primary language

We also discuss several other topics like How does diversification affect risk?

GESTURE:

• begins at age 8-12 months
• ie. wave bye; nod yes, point

ASL - Signs - can reduce frustration in babies that learn simple signs before talking (does not appear to speed up or hinder development of spoken language.)

First Words:

• understand words at 9 months.
• but most don't speak until ~13 months
• first words may not be "real" words, but may be made up by child and used consistently with meaning
• kids know 200-500 words by 2 years
• words are learned slow at first, then many see a vocab burst
• wide variety of context cues and biases to build early vocals
• 1.5 - 2 years start putting words together, often with gestures

• Universal - main words (leave out qualifiers)

• ie. "more cookie" vs. "I would like another cookie please."

• Learning language early may have benefits but learning, late can also produce very smart children 

Threats To Cognitive Development:

• Genetic Conditions                         - Teratogens 
• Infections                                 - Injuries / neglect / abuse
• Malnutrition                                 - Poverty (less stimulation)

MEDIA use in infancy is not as good as REAL LIFE interaction

(media can actually produce a smaller vocabulary)

Facilitating Cognitive Growth

• Stimulating, enriched, age appropriate, socially interactive environment sensitive to baby's needs.

• ie. Child directed speech (high pitched, exaggerated expression, supportive gestures, more pauses, repetition, slower)

• Toys, activities, etc.
•  early intervention, education, instruction for high risk families is important

Chapter 7: Social / Emotional Development

Emotion: physiological reaction to a situation the cognitive interpretation of it, and communication to another (and actions)

[Emotional expression is universal]

6 Core Emotion:

Happy                Sad

Afraid                 Angry

Disgusted        Surprised

Display and interpretation (and intensity) of emotions may depend on:

• Culture
• Gender or
• Temperament

Emotional schema

• ways of thinking about emotion; once developed, it will impact how we experience and express emotions some are individualized, some are shared

Social Referencing: using others to determine how to react in ambiguous situations

Empathy: (Share the feelings of others) ← with them

Sympathy: ( feeling for them)

References: