Description
PY 358 Test #3 Study Guide Outline
1. Substance Use Disorders
a. What are the DSM criteria for a substance use disorder? 2 or more criteria w/in 12 months
b. What are tolerance and withdrawal?
Tolerance= increasing doses of the substance to produce the desired effect
Withdrawal= unpleasant/sometimes dangerous symptoms that occur when individuals suddenly stop taking the drug
c. What are the major classes of drugs?
i. How do they work and what behavioral effect to they have?
1. Depressants – slow activity of central nervous system, alcohol and sedativehypnotic (benzodiazepines) bind
to GABA; opioids bind to receptors that receive
endorphins; produce relaxed state; relieve anxiety and
pain
2. Stimulants – increase central nervous system activity; increase release of NE, DA, 5HT throughout brain;
cocaine mainly DA; increase energy and alertness
3. Hallucinogens – mainly increase 5HT
ii. What are the negative effects of different drugs?
1. Alcohol –
a. Dementia
b. WernickeKorsakoff syndrome – what are the
symptoms? What is it caused by?
c. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – What are the 4
features? What happens to the brain?
2. Benzodiazepines –
a. What are they used to treat? We also discuss several other topics like mat e 273
3. Opioids –
a. Overdoses common
b. Where do they act in the brain?
4. Stimulants –
a. Overdose can lead to cessation of breathing,
fatal heart problems, seizures, miscarriages
5. Ecstasy –
a. Depression, sleep disturbance, confusion,
memory impairment, teeth grinding, reduced
sweating (heatstroke), liver damage
b. Reduced production of serotonin and dopamine,
If you want to learn more check out walter ermler
brain deterioration, reduced regional cerebral
blood flow
6. Cannabis –
a. Car accidents
b. Poor work/school performance
c. Lung disease, cancer
d. Lower sperm count
d. What is crosstolerance?
for drugs that are similar, taking one can build up tolerance to the other.
e. What are the two kinds of synergistic effects?
similar acting drugs and opposite acting drugs If you want to learn more check out which of the following were consequences of mongol rule in china?
f. How can genes contribute to alcoholism (or other addictions)?
whether you are prone to getting “addicted” is genetic, use of substance is mainly influenced by environment.
g. How do drugs affect neurotransmitters and lead to tolerance and withdrawal?
drugs increase certain neurotransmitters in the brain; as drug intake increase, natural production of neurotransmitters decrease!
h. What is the reward center and how is it affected by drugs?
it’s the “pleasure pathway”. Dopamine rich pathway in the brain that produces feelings of pleasure when activated.
i. What is incentivesensitization theory?
with increase use, may become hypersensitive.
j. What is reward deficiency syndrome?
some people’s rewards center is not activated naturally. k. What is the behavioral view of substance use disorders? Operant Conditioning= dualreinforcement
Positive reinforcement > alcohol/drugs rewards
Negative reinforcement> alcohol/drug remove negative feelings l. What is the expectancy effect?
students who think drinking improves social skills, more likely to drink
placebo studies
m. What are the biological treatments for addiction?
i. Detoxification We also discuss several other topics like jake armour uncc
ii. Medication to treat withdrawal symptoms
iii. Agonist substitution – what is it? What is an example?
providing the person with a safe drug that is chemically similar to the original drug.
Methadone is a heroine substitute.
iv. Antagonist treatment – how does it work?
Some types block the euphoric effects of the drug.
Some make ingesting the abused substances unpleasant n. What does behavioral therapy for addiction focus on? We also discuss several other topics like which components of aggregate expenditure are influenced by real gdp?
Aversion Therapy=substance use is paired w/something extremely unpleasant (electric shock)
Alternative Behaviors=individuals taught more effective ways of coping w/tension
o. What does cognitive therapy for addiction focus on?
focused on preventing relapse!
Challenge the patent’s beliefs about the substance
Target situations when the person is most likely to take substance and develop avoidance
Target other psychopathology (depression, anxiety)
p. Know that both abstinence only and controlled drinking programs work, but may depend on the individual.
**Know this outline of the drug types. You do not need to know any drug names that aren’t on this list.** Don't forget about the age old question of phil 110 purdue
1. Depressants
a. Alcohol
b. Sedativehypnotic drugs
i. Benzodiazepines
1. Xanax, Valium
c. Opioids
i. Morphine
ii. Codeine
iii. Heroin
iv. Methadone (why was this created?)
d. Stimulants
i. Amphetamines
1. Amphetamine (“speed”)
2. Methamphetamine (“crystal meth” or “crank”)
ii. Cocaine
e. Hallucinogens
i. LSD
ii. Ecstasy (MDMA) – stimulant with hallucinogenic effects
iii. Cannabis
2. Longterm disorders that begin in childhood
a. Autism Spectrum Disorder
i. What are the diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Deficits in social communication and interaction
Socialemotional reciprocity
Nonverbal communicative behaviors
Developing and maintaining relationships
ii. Is Asperger’s a disorder?
No, it’s now looped in with Autism
iii. What do eye tracking experiments of people with autism show?
They don’t focus on faces well, they focus more on people’s clothes or shoulder
iv. What are the gender differences in autism?
1 in 42 boys
1 in 189 girls
More likely boys
v. What are the causes of autism?
No evidence of stressors environmental factors
Almost completely biological
Psychological and social factors can influence the course of the disorder
1. Is there a genetic contribution?
Strong genetic Contribution
2. How is the brain different in autism?
a. Less activity in frontal and temporal regions
b. Right hemisphere dominance
c. How is the amygdala different in children and
adults with autism? What may cause the
amygdala to change from childhood to
adulthood?
d. How are connections between brain regions
different? What is white matter? Is there more or
less?
vi. How is autism treated?
No powerful treatment
1. What approach is used in cognitive behavioral
therapy?
Modeling; Works best when started early.
Communication Training
2. What types of communication training are used? How is the ipad being used by people with autism?
Sign Language
Simultaneous (language and sign and speech)
The ipad allows them to pick what interests them and then ask questions in order to receive their reward.
b. Intellectual Development Disorder
i. What are the criteria for Intellectual Development Disorder? IQ must be below 70
The person must have difficulty in such areas as communication, homeliving, selfdirection, work or safety
Symptoms must appear before age 18
ii. What are the different causes of IDD?
Genetic:
down syndrome
fragile x syndrome
PKU
Prenatal:
exposure to drugs/alcohol
Maternal infection
Birth complications
1. What is anoxia?
an absence or deficiency of oxygen reaching the
tissues
2. What genetic abnormality causes Down’s syndrome? Having an extra chromosome 21 (3 instead of 2)
3. What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)? How can IDD be prevented in individuals with it?
It’s when the liver fails to produce an enzyme that metabolizes phenylalanine and may cause intellectual disability.
SES, School Programs, Residence, Normalization 4. What is TaySachs Disease?
A defective gene on chromosome 15
causes the body to not make a protein called
hexosaminidase A. Without this protein, chemicals
called gangliosides build up in nerve cells in the brain,
destroying brain cells.
3. Disruptive Behavior Disorders
a. ADHD
i. What are the symptoms of ADHD?
ii. What are the two categories of symptoms in ADHD?
Hyperactivity Impulsivity
Difficulty Focusing
iii. What are the gender differences?
Males outnumber girls 5:1
iv. What are the causes?
abnormalities in the frontalstriated regions of the brain. Also has been linked to high levels of stress and to family dysfunctioning.
1. Is there a genetic contribution?
Highly influenced, some role of the environment.
2. What neurotransmitter is primarily involved?
Dopamine (Ritalin inhibits the dopamine transporter
gene (DAT1))
3. Does the brain tend to be larger or smaller? How does it develop? Which brain region is most involved?
Frontal lobe
4. Which environmental factors confer risk?
interaction between DAT1 gene and maternal prenatal
smoking may lead to ADHD
v. What seems to be the most effective treatment?
Medication + intensive behavioral treatment
b. Oppositional Defiant Disorder
i. What are the criteria?
For at least 6 months, shows defiant, hostile, negative behavior and 4 or more of these:
Losing temper, arguing w/adults, active defiance,
deliberately annoying others, and angry or resentful
c. Conduct Disorder
i. What are the criteria?
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major ageappropriate societal norms or rule affect:
Aggression, property, deceit/theft, truancy
ii. What are the different subtypes?
1. Overt/Destructive, Covert/Destructive, Overt/Non Destructive, Covert/NonDestructive (know examples of these)
2. Lifecoursepersistent vs AdolescentLimited
3. With limited prosocial emotions (callousunemotional traits) – what does this mean?
iii. What are the causes of ODD and CD?
1. Sociocultural
Poverty, dangerous neighborhoods,
overcrowded/substandard housing
2. Familial
Child abuse, family conflict, and in consistent and
severe discipline
3. Psychological
Modeling and operant conditioning
4. Biological
a. Know results of adoption study (general idea,
not %s)
iv. How are ODD and CD treated?
1. What types of family focused therapies are used?
2. What types of childfocused therapies are used?
4. Internalizing disorders
a. How is anxiety manifested in children?
b. What is separation anxiety disorder?
c. How is major depressive disorder manifested in children? d. What is Mood Dysregulation Disorder?
5. Personality disorders (PDs) *you do not need to know Antisocial PD yet a. What is a personality disorder?
An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs an individual’s sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy.
b. When does it generally begin?
typically become recognizable in adolescence or early adulthood. c. Odd or Eccentric PDs
i. Paranoid personality disorder
1. What are the symptoms?
deeply distrust other people and are suspicious of
their motives. They believe that everyone intends them
harm, they shun close relationships.
2. What are the causes?
a. Some genetic influences. Levels of
suspiciousness have been found to be similar in
twins
b. Hostile attribution bias—more likely to assume
that the actions of others are hostile
ii. Schizoid personality disorder
1. What are the symptoms?
Persistently avoid and are removed from social
relationships and demonstrate little in the way of
emotion.
2. What are the causes?
they prefer to be alone
iii. Schizotypal personality disorder
1. What are the symptoms?
display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd
patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral
eccentricities.
iv. Which of the three Odd PDs has the strongest link to schizophrenia?
d. Anxious PDs
i. Avoidant PD
1. What are the symptoms?
very uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, and extremely sensitive to negative evaluation.
2. How is it similar and different from social phobia? similar: fear of humiliation and low confidence.
3. What are the causes?
they are so fearful of being rejected they don’t give a person the chance to reject or accept them.
4. What do cognitive theorists attribute it to?
harsh criticisms in early childhood and rejection in
early years.
5. What do behavioral theorists attribute it to?
they typically fail to develop normal social skills, a
failure that helps maintain the disorder.
6. How is it treated?
By changing their beliefs and thoughts and how to
carry on in painful situations.
ii. Dependent PD
1. What are the symptoms?
pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of
2. How is it different from Avoidant PD?
avoidant have difficulty initiating relationships while dependent have difficulty separating relationships.
3. What do behavioral theorists attribute it to?
They propose that parents of people with dependent unintentionally reward their children’s clingyness
4. What do cognitive theorists attribute it to?
they identify 2 maladaptive attitudes:
1) “I am inadequate and helpless to deal with the
world”
2) “I must find a person to provide protection so I can cope”
iii. ObsessiveCompulsive PD
1. What are the symptoms?
preoccupied with order, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency.
2. What do cognitive theorists attribute it to?
they propose that illogical thinking processes help
keep it going.
3. How is it treated?
Psychodynamic therapists typically try to help them recognize, experience, and accept their underlying
feelings and insecurities, and perhaps take risks and accept their personal limitations.
e. Dramatic PDs
i. Borderline PD
1. What are the criteria?
2. Why do individuals engage in selfinjurious behaviors? 3. What are the causes?
4. What form of treatment has been found to be
somewhat effective?
ii. Histrionic PD
1. What are the symptoms?
2. Is it more common in men or women?
3. What are the cognitive and sociocultural explanations for it?
iii. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
1. What are the symptoms?
generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others. Convinced of their own great success, power, or beauty, they expect constant
attention and admiration from those around them. 2. Is treatment effective?
No approach has been successful; because the clients are unable to acknowledge weaknesses, to appreciate the effect of their behavior on others.