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Exam 3
History of Buildings
Neoclassicism
picturesque an aesthetic quality characterized by irregularity, asymmetry, ruggedness, and a variety of texture and form
folly a structure, such as a tower or fake ruin, built in a garden or park to complement a view
Unbuilt (paper) arch architecture which exists only on paper or which has visionary qualities; theoretical speculation
Neoclassicism Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw
inspiration from the "classical" art and culture
of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome
Environmental
Determinism (climatic determinism or geographical determinism): the belief that the physical environment predisposes
human social development towards particular trajectories.
Laugier (17131769), a French Jesuit priest, outlined his theory about architecture in the 1753 Essai sur l’architecture;
all architecture derives from these three essential, primitive
If you want to learn more check out What are the different kinds of rnas?
elements: the column, the entablature, and the pediment;
The Primitive Hut
Piranesi (4 October 1720 – 9 November 1778) an Italian artist famous for his etchings of Rome and of fictitious and atmospheric
"prisons"
Ledoux (21 March 1736 – 18 November 1806) one of the earliest exponents of French Neoclassical architecture; He
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used his knowledge of architectural theory to design not only domestic architecture but also town planning; as a consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of Chaux, he became known as a utopian. Boullee (February 12, 1728 – February 4, 1799) a visionary French neoclassical architect whose work greatly influenced
contemporary architects; author of
Architecture, essai sur l'art ("Essay on the Art of Architecture); created designs for public buildings on a wholly impractical grand scale If you want to learn more check out Who is the founder of tokugawa shogunate?
Strawberry Hill (Twickenham, London, 1749) Gothic Revival villa built by Horace Walpole; the type example of the "Strawberry
Hill Gothic" style of architecture; prefigured the If you want to learn more check out What are the three basic sales tasks are?
We also discuss several other topics like What are the three aspects of risk analysis?
nineteenth century Gothic revival; added gothic features such as towers and battlements outside and elaborate decoration inside to create "gloomth" We also discuss several other topics like Starting from a pure exchange equilibrium, an increase in the demand for a commodity will result in?
SteGenevieve (Paris, 17571792) (Pantheon) built by Soufflot, the most important commission of the age, central structural
principles of great buildings of the past, gothic lightness, Corinthian columns on templefront mimic Temple of Venus, plan Don't forget about the age old question of Find (f+g)(3) when f(x)=x2+1 and g(x)=2x+1
resembling St. Mark’s in Venice, high central dome, side
domes over four arms, Greek cross
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Cenotaph for Newton unbuilt funerary monument, a 150m (500ft) tall sphere
encompassed by two large barriers circled by
hundreds of cypress trees; the design of the memorial creates the effect of day and night
Panopticon a type of institutional building designed by the English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in
the late 18th century. The concept of the design is to allow all (pan) inmates of an institution to be observed (opticon) by a single watchman without the inmates being able to tell whether or
not they are being watched
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1800s
temple front a building facade or porch, with columns and a pediment, that resembles an end of a classical temple
gothic revival quotation of the earlier Gothic style, not a continuation, that tended to remain on the surface as a symbolic gesture to
supplement the drive toward modernity
nationalism the devotion for one's own nation's interests over those of all other nations
ferrovitreous a type of structure of the industrial age made with iron and glass for lightness and translucency
reinforced concrete concrete strengthened with a web of iron rebars suspension bridge a bridge that uses two pylons, from the top of which are hung cables from which smaller vertical cables reach down to
support the deck
steel (1850s), William Kelly in the United States and Henry Bessemer in England each discovered a new way to make
steel. The Bessemer process enabled steel makers to produce strong steel at a lower cost, railroads began to lay steel rails. train stations began operation 1820s, 1830s–1860s: Enormous railway building booms in the United States (steel happens), Railroads
replace canals as a primary mode of transportation, 1850s 1860s: Rail roads begin using the electric telegraph to control train movements through the use of train orders reducing train collisions and im proves efficiency.
Durand (17601834) provided theoretical foundation for creating buildings with the same sense of universality as the Napoleonic Code;
emphasized solidity, utility, and beauty; assistant to Boullee,
took similar rational, utilitarian approach
AWN Pugin (18121852) tireless propoganda initiator; from a French Huguenot family, but converted to Catholicism, convinced of moral
superiority of the society that built preReformation medieval churches
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John Ruskin (18191900) influential art critic who admired all Saints, believed the votive nature of Gothic ornament strengthened
community; wrote The Seven Lamps of Architecture; popularized northern Italian Gothic and proposed a Gothic revival as a program of social reform
Altes Museum (Berlin, 1822) by Schinkel, ionic portico, facing royal palace, plan of long galleries framing a central Pantheonlike rotunda, but not strict to square grid or perfect symmetry
Monticello (Virginia, 17681809) Thomas Jefferson’s house, designed by himself, built on an agricultural estate; twostory Palladian
templefront entry porch, rear garden, service
functions in ground level wings, octagonal dome; became
primordial
American house, represents stability and creativity, respect of European traditions, yet insistent on comfort and effort saving inventions
Library of Ste. Genevieve (Paris, 18431850) designed by Labrouste; exterior recalled inscribed facades by Boullee and
Durand, no relation to gothic; oblong box, flattened, partially blind arcades, names of 810 authors,
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castiron frames with
masonry piers and arches, barrel vaults, arches;
structural rationalism
Crystal Palace (London, 1851) the most innovative
ferrovitreous structure of the century;
designed to house the Great Exhibition of the Works of
Industry if All Nations of 1851; one of
largest structures ever built, utilitarian,
without masonry, almost exclusively of standardized components or iron and glass; demonstrated division of labor
Brooklyn Bridge (New York, 1869) open joist system for the deck with suspension system hung from two monumental masonry towers, nearly
1.3 miles long, central span of 486 feet, stone towers have lancet arches which resemble medieval European cathedrals, but steel which emphasizes modern technology
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Gare du Nord (France,
1864 or 1889) BeauxArts
style train station,
(most
populated
in Europe) stone
facade, steel and glass train shed
Houses of Parliament
(London, 1840s)
Neogothic style or
perpendicular gothic
style, by
Pugin, rational
(Durandlike) gridded
plan, 3 asymmetrical vertical towers atelier Late 1800s
parti a studio for teaching art or architecture
in the French BeauxArts System, the basic design layout for a
building or group of buildings
eclecticism the combination of elements from a variety of architectural styles, especially in latenineteenth century European and American
architecture
Chicago School teachings about building skyscrapers in which Sullivan eliminated all excess surfaces, protected grid of
steel structure with terracotta cladding and Chicago
windows with large central pane flanked by smaller, more operable bays, more glass than wall, bottom two floors lavished with ornate castiron filigree
Apartment housing (Europe, 18th century) 5 to 6 story structure with several family dwellings on each floor, first appeared as units within a
subdivided palace, later as vertically stacked alternative to row 7
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houses, increased the potential density of urban sites to become dominant building type
Skyscrapers (Chicago system)
L’Opera (Paris, 1875) featured by Napoleon in place of a church , palace, or arch as triumph, diamond shaped plan, all facades with pilasters,
structure as decoration, iron frame concealed with
polychromatic stone cladding, paired columns, huge porticos, copperclad dome, addresses spectacle of attendance more than stage action
Reliance Building (Chicago, 1893) 15 story, steelframed building by Burnham & Root, thin exterior walls, broad Chicago windows, white terracotta spandrel panels, pointloaded system, broad
eaves, box profile
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Wainwright Building (St. Louis, 1894) Adler and Sullivan, ten story tower clad in
red terracotta panels, contradictory structural bays, non
structural mullions
Ecole des BeauxArts (France, 1819) resuscitated the atelier system, began with
concept of
parti, committed to
compositional order and
creation of
appropriate style and
decoration
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Boston Public Library (Boston, 1888) Richardson’s first major public project, clearly showed familiarity with Paris, on Copley square across from
Trinity Church, quickened the pace of evolution of
historic styles, from neomedieval to NeoRenaissance, used parti of St. Genevieve and expanded into cubic palace
with arcaded courtyard based on Cancelleria in Rome, exposed castiron structure, barrel vault, classical cofers, marblelined stairway
White City (Chicago, 1893) Daniel Burnham, master plan following a campus design by Frederick Law Olmsted, domes and gilded
statues,
imperical, fantasy, ancient splendor, cheap wood, veneer, etc
painted white, interior exposed wroughtiron frames, “white”
referred to buildings and people
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William Morris (18341896) part of Arts and Crafts movement of 1860s, declared “Art is mankind’s expression of his joy in
labor,” lived communally, campaigned for socialism, described co operative alternative to the metropolis in “News from Nowere,” which included gardens and greenfields, little wants or belongings, and the study of arts and enjoyment
Ebenezer Howard (18501928) imagined a lowdensity urban pattern for habitation based on linear rail transportation,
proposed Garden City, moved in same socialist circles as Morris, and proposed “social city” as a means of controlling urban growth and maintaining human dignity, wrote “Tomorrow, a Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898)
Garden City idea of more efficient land use through selfsufficient network of small cities separated by greenswards for forests and
agriculture, society convened in early 20th century in
to en lightened cities: Lever Soap Company’s Port Sunlight and Cadbury Chocolate’s Bournville (both built in 1890s) Art Nouveau (end of 19th century) emerged in rebellion to academic approaches in design, from members of Arts and
Crafts movement & avantgarde, theories attempted to break cleanly from the past to find a formal language appropriate to modernity, exposed structure, whiplash lines
AEG Turbine Hall (Berlin, 1908) by Behrens, who sought a coherent industrial aesthetic derived from essentials, often described as
the temple of industry, immense open interior lined with tapering steel girders tied to pin joints at the bases, parallel tracks ran length of hall to carry mobile gantry, central bay of steel, concept: beehive
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Larkin Building (Buffalo, 1904) Larkin Company Administration Building, Wright’s first large scale work, had direct connection
to Craftsman magazine by Gustav Stickley, revolutionized the office type, non oppressive work environment with rich cultural stimuli, circulation and bathrooms in the corner towers (like medieval fortresses), offices in side wings had parapets overlooking central
atrium, organ, influenced many
practices of today: openplan office, built in file
cabinets, radiant floor
heating, airconditioning, steel furniture, and wallhung toilets
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Robie House (Hyde Park, Chicago, 19061909) Frank Llyod Wright, done in Prarie Style, characterized by horizontal volumes
and low pitched roofs with deep eaves, on a platform and sheltered with inordinately wide projecting eaves to protect it from the
street,
“light screens” instead of
windows, central social
space,
asymmetrical
Metro station (Paris, 1900) Art Nouveau, exposed metal structure, botanic imagery
Casa Mila (Barcelona, 1905) Gaudi, 8 apartments, no right angles, undulating surface, stone exterior, no two rooms with
same shape, like a clif with caves, anthropomorphic chimneys, balustrades
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