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BMS 208; Study Guide 4
Plasma: 55% of whole blood (matrix)
Buffy Coat: leukocytes and platelets
Erythrocytes: 44% of whole blood
Plasma:
∙ 92% water
∙ 8% protein
o Albumins: maintain osmotic pressure
o Globulins: produce antibodies for immunity
o Fibrinogen: converted to fibrin when blood clots
Serum: plasma without clotting factors
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells):
∙ Anucleated (no nucleus)
∙ Biconcave
∙ 120 day life span
∙ Carry oxygen
Hemoglobin: protein in RBC, bond weakly with oxygen Hemopoiesis: production of blood cells
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Hemocytoblast: stem cell precursor for formation of all blood cells
Erythropoiesis:
∙ Hemocytoblast
∙ Proerythroblast (day 1)
∙ Early erythroblast (day 2)
∙ Late erythroblast (day 3)
∙ Normoblast (day 4, ejects nucleus)
∙ Reticulocyte (day 57, enters circulation)
Anemia: deficiency of RBC/hemoglobin
Leukocytes: white blood cells
∙ Granulocytes (granules in cytoblast)
o Neutrophils – pale
o Eosiniphils – bright red
o Basophils – dark blue We also discuss several other topics like Who is the king of rock 'n roll?
∙ Agranulocytes (large nuclei and no granules)
o Monocytes – attack and digest bacteria
o T lymphocytes – detect cells with wrong antigens
o B lymphocytes – produce antibodies
Neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils (most to least)
Leukocytosis: increase in # of circulating WBC
Leukemia: increase in total number of WBC and number of immature WBC. Leukopenia: less than normal number of WBC
Platelets (thrombocytes): If you want to learn more check out What is the motion of a rolling ball?
∙ Megakaryocyte: gives rise to platelets
∙ Form platelet plug for injured vessels
Type Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets
120 Days
12 hrs to years
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Participate in
immunity
Millions
10,000’s
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Life Span 810 Days Purpose Participate in blood clotting
Amount 100,000’s
Heart:
∙ Borders at 2nd rib and 5th & 6th ribs
∙ Surrounded by pericardium
o Fibrous parietal visceral (Outer to inner)
∙ Pericarditis: adhesions on visceral and parietal layers
∙ Left side is oxygenated, right side is deoxygenated
Heart wall: epicardium myocardium endocardium (outer to inner)
Arteries: leave the heart
Veins: go towards the heart
Interventricular septum: ensures there is no mixing of blood
Blood Flow: collects in right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk lungs pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta
Cistole: contraction of ventricle
Diastole: relaxation of ventricle
Conduction System: Sinoatrial node atrioventricular node atrioventricular bundles interventricular septum left & right bundle branches purkinje fibers We also discuss several other topics like What is raw material production?
Aortic arch:
∙ Braciocephalic trunk
o Right common carotid
o Right subclavian
Arteries:
Descending aorta: celiac trunk superior mesenteric left & right renal arteries inferior mesenteric left & right common iliac left & right internal iliac left & right external iliac
Arteries in arm: subclavian axillary anterior humero circumflex brachial radial ulnar common interosseous superficial palmar arch digital artery
Arteries in leg: common iliac internal iliac external iliac femoral circumflex femoral deep femoral popliteal posterior tibial anterior tibial fibular dorsalis pedis Don't forget about the age old question of Where does the manufacturing cycle occur?
Arteries in head: common carotid external carotid internal carotid vertebral basilar posterior cerebral middle cerebral anterior cerebral
Veins:
Deep veins in arm: digital palmar arch radial ulnar brachial axillary subclavian
Superficial veins in arm: cephalic vein (lateral) basilac (medial) medican cubital vein
Veins in head: external jugular internal jugular subclavian brachiocephalic vein
Deep veins in leg: anterior tibial posterior tibial popliteal femoral
Superficial veins in leg: great saphenous vein (joins with femoral to form external iliac) internal iliac common iliac inferior vena cava renal vein
Arteries Veins
Round, thick
No valves
Thick, elastic
Elastic
General Appearance Irregular, thin Internal Layer Valves
Middle Layer Thin, collagen External Layer Smooth muscle fibers
Elastic artery muscular artery arterioles continuous capillary
Large vein medium vein venules fenestrated capillary
Lymphatic system:
∙ Lymph vessels: thin, transport lymph fluid
∙ Lymph fluid: clear, less protein than plasma
Lymph Nodes:
∙ Many afferent vessels (arriving) ∙ One efferent vessel (exiting) ∙ First responders to foreign antigens