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Covers Chapters 1317
Read the lecture notes because this is a textbook heavy study guide, also once again go over the vocab from the site Dr. Close gave us.
Good luck!!
Ch. 13 Household and social class influences
1. Describe various types of households and families, explain how the family life cycle and other forces affect household structure.
a. Types: nuclear v extended family
i. “household” can be a single person living alone or a
couple or parents and kids, etc.
ii. dual career families, divorce, smaller families,
samesex families
b. Family life cycle: different stages of family life, depends on age of
parents and how many children are living at home
2. Roles that household members play in acquisition and consumption decisions and marketing implications
i. roles individuals play “Household decision roles”
1. gatekeeper: collect and control
information important to the decision
2. influencer: household members who
try to express their opinions and influence the decision
3. decider: the person or persons who
actually determine which product or service will be chosen
4. buyer: physically acquires product or
service
5. user: member who consumes the
product
ii. instrumental v. expressive roles
iii. role of children (usually as influencers)
If you want to learn more check out In logic, a premise is what?
iv. who dominates the decision? (usually reflects a
male or female head of household)
1. husbanddominated
2. wifedominated
3. autonomic (equal power over
decision)
4. syncratic (joint)
b. marketing implications: targeting who is involved at each stage,
role of internet is expanding
3. Social Class hierarchy and what determines social class Don't forget about the age old question of How do you determine the limits of price formation in the auction model?
Don't forget about the age old question of What is the urinary system?
a. Hierarchy:
Upper Class
● upperupper
● lowerupper
● uppermiddle
Middle
● middle class
● working class
Lower
● not the lowest
● real lowerlower
b. Influences: trends can trickle down (upper to lower) or experience
status float (start low move up)
c. Determinants:
i. the biggest determinants are Education and
occupation
ii. inherited v earned status
iii. when a consumer is consistent across all
measurements of status: status crystallization If you want to learn more check out Who proposed the greatest happiness principle?
iv. mobility and fragmentation
4. explain how social class influences CB:
a. Effects on consumption:
i. conspicuous consumption, conspicuous waste, and
voluntary simplicity
ii. status symbols
iii. parody display start lower move up
iv. fraudulent display so widely adapted it loses status
(smart phones?)
v. compensatory consumption
vi. Money good and evil, happiness,
b. marketing implications:
i. appealing to different classes We also discuss several other topics like Name and explain the three states of matter.
ii. through channel selection, or style
iii. note of caution: doesn’t always work as a
segmentation technique bc it is so complicated
5. three things that change social class:
1. upward mobility
2. downward mobility
3. fragmentation
Ch. 14 Psychographics: values, personalities and lifestyles
“Demographics are for dinosaurs”Dr. Close
1. define values and the value system and show how they can be described a. values: abstract, enduring beliefs about what is right/ wrong,
important, or good/bad
i. global values peron’s MOST enduring, strongly
held, and abstract values that hold in many situations
ii. terminal values desired end states (ideal state to Don't forget about the age old question of What are the 4 nutrients required by law on a food label?
be in)
iii. instrumental values the values for you to achieve
the desired end state\
iv. domain specific values valies that may only apply
to a particular area of activities
b. value system: total set of values and their relative importance
2. Western culture values
a. materialism, home, work and play, individualism, family and
children, health, hedonism, youth, authenticity, the environment, technology b. Measuring values (value segmentation)
i. inferring values from cultural milieu
ii. meansend chain analysis
iii. value questionnaires rokeach value survey, and
list of values (LOV)
3. Personality and Marketing
a. Personality = internal characteristic that determines how
individuals behave in various situations
b. researching personality→ trait theories, locus of control
(how people perceive WHY things happen), behavioral approaches (myers-briggs)
c. how personality affects CB
i. finding people’s optimal stimulation level
ii. dogmatism (resistance)
iii. need for uniqueness, need for cognition
iv. creativity
v. susceptibility to influence
vi. frugality
vii. selfmonitoring behavior
viii. national character (country’s personality)
ix. competitiveness (want to outdo others)
4. How lifestyles are related to opinions, interests, and activities
a. lifestyle people’s patterns of behavior
b. AIOs= activities, interests, and opinions (3 components of a life
style)
i. segmentation by AIOS ex: zipcar for Universities
ii. communication that appeals to a certain lifestyle
iii. new product ideas
5. Marketing implications of combining Psychographics, lifestyle, and personality a. VALs™ and other research
Chapter 15 Innovations: adoption, resistance, and diffusion
1. describe how innovations can be classified in terms of type, benefits, and breadth a. innovation = an offering that is perceived as new by consumers
within a market segment and that has an effect on existing consumption patterns
b. characterizing by novelty (how much behavioral change is
required):
i. continuous innovation: one that has a limited effect
on existing consumption patterns
ii. dynamically continuous: pronounced effect on
consumption practices and often involves new tech.
iii. discontinuous: so new we have never seen
anything like it before
c. characterizing by benefits:
i. functional innovation: a new product or service,
attribute, idea that has better or alternative utilitarian benefits
ii. hedonic or aesthetic innovation: prettier
iii. symbolic innovation: new social meaning
d. characterizing by breadth: ex baking soda has all sorts of uses e. co creation: actively involving consumers in creating value through participation in new product development (nivea’s new black and white deodorant)
2. How consumers adopt, why they resist, marketing implications a. mixed reactions from the 8 central paradoxes
i. control/ chaos; freedom/ enslavement;
new/obsolete; competence/incompetence; efficiency/ inefficiency; fulfills/ creates needs; assimilation/ isolation; engaging/ disengaging
ii. higheffort hierarchy of effects: a purchase based
on considerable decisionmaking effort
1. awareness → info collection and
search → attitude formation → trial → adoption
iii. versus the low effort hierarchy
1. awareness → trial → attitude
formation → adoption
b. Adopter groups the curve (p. 422 of book, figure 15.6)
i. 5 groups: innovators, early adopters, early majority,
late majority, laggards
3. Diffusion
a. usediffusion patterns
b. Adopter groups the curve (p. 422 of book, figure 15.6)
i. 5 groups: innovators, early adopters, early majority,
late majority, laggards
c. s shaped diffusion curve
d. exponential diffusion curve
e. product life cycle curve
f. factors affecting the diffusion curve:
i. fad
ii. fashion
iii. classic
g. factors affecting adoption, resistance, and diffusion
i. the innovation:
1. perceived value
2. perceived benefits
3. perceived costs
ii. marketing must communicate, promote, and
incentivize to avoid uncertainty from consumers
iii. consumer learning requirements: compatibility;
trialability; complexity
iv. to communicate: educate, use change agents
(opinion leaders), fit with a system of products, make it the industry
standard (ipods or seatbelts), promotions enhance trialability,
demonstrate compatibility and simplicity, simulate trial
v. social relevance extent to which an innovation can
be observed or the extent to which having others observe it has a social cache
vi. legitimacy: extent to which the innovation follows
established guideline for what seems appropriate in the category
vii. adaptability: potential to fit with existing products/
styles
viii. modernity: extent to which consumers in the social
system have positive attitudes toward change characteristic of the
social system (also see physical distance, homophily, opinion leadership)
Ch. 16 Symbolic Consumer Behavior
1. discuss how products, special possessions, and consumption activities gain symbolic meaning and how this meaning is conveyed from one consumer to another: a. cultural categories natural grouping of objects that reflect our
culture
b. cultural principles ideas or values that specify how aspects of our
culture are organized and or how they should be perceived or evaluated
c. Figure 16.2 on page 445 is very important to this less
i. essentially it illustrates where the value of the
product comes from (culture or individual) and where the product use is
defined (individual or culture)
d. emblematic function: use of products to symbolize membership in
social groups
i. geographic; ethnic; social class; and gender
emblems
2. marketing implications of symbolic influence
a. symbol development linking a product to a cultural category (eg
toyota to ranchers)
b. symbol communication setting of the ad gives meaning to the
product
c. symbol reinforcement maintaining an image
d. symbol removal erasing symbols that are unwanted (ex tattoo removal)
e. role acquisition function:
i. use of products as symbols to help us feel more
comfortable in a new role
ii. phases separation, transition, incorporation
iii. reflexive transitions feedback from others that tells
us whether we are fulfilling the role correctly
iv. other transitions include marital, cultural (quinces)
social status (a new house)
v. Connectedness function: use of products as
symbols of our personal connections to significant people, events, experiences (souvenirs)
f. Expressiveness function: products as symbols to demonstrate our uniqueness how we stand out from others
g. symbols and selfconcept
i. actual identity schema multiple salient identities
that reflects self concept
ii. ideal identity schema ideas about the identity in its
ideal form
h. marketing from this:
i. to selfconcepts; fitting with or reaching to ideal;
products that fit with multiple selfconcepts; frame switching (someone with multiple cultural backgrounds will respond differently to
advertisements in different languages)
i. special brands and possessions
i. pets especially in the US; memoryladen objects;
achievement symbols; collections
ii. few or no substitutes; sentimental value; reluctance
to discard
iii. symbolic value, moodaltering properties (trophies)
iv. instrumental importance (actually extremely useful)
v. rituals with special possessions
1. possession ritual (making it ours)
2. grooming ritual (to bring out and
maintain the product)
3. divestment ritual (disposition, wipe
away all traces of personal meaning)
3. sacred and profane entities
a. sacred : people things and places that are set apart, revered, worshiped, and treated with great respect
b. profane : things that are ordinary and have no special power 4. symbolic meaning transfer through gift giving:
a. three stages
i. gestation
1. motives and emotions,
2. nature of the gift,
3. value of gift,
4. search time
ii. presentation
1. ceremony
2. timing and surprise
3. attention to the recipient
4. recipient’s reaction
iii. reformulation
1. relationship and bonding
2. reciprocation
b. marketing implications:
i. promoting products/ services as gifts
ii. technology and gift shopping (major changes)
iii. alternatives (ex: heifer international)
Ch. 17 marketing, ethics, and social responsibility in today’s consumer society
1. distinguish between social and temporal dilemmas, and explain the search for balance in decisions that involve such dilemmas
a. social dilemma: deciding whether to put selfinterest or the
interests of others first
b. temporal dilemma: deciding whether to put immediate interests or
longterm interests first
i. me versus we can be in a family setting or a
corporate setting
c. dark side v bright side outcomes
i. marketing that could be harmful to consumers
ii. marketing to children
2. marketing ethics and consumer ethics
i. ex: body shop markets their good buying practices
b. acquisition controversies
i. materialistic behavior
1. neutral value but there can be
consequences
2. family influences determine how
materialistic someone is
3. perception of others changes how
you see your life
ii. addiction and compulsive behavior
1. addiction = excessive behavior
brought on by a chemical dependency
a. loss of perceived
control
b. denial
2. compulsive behavior = an irresistible
urge to perform an irrational act
a. emotional component
b. financial and
emotional consequences
c. Consumer theft
i. temptation to steal
1. product factors, environmental
factors, and consumer factors
ii. ability to rationalize
1. same three factors
iii. black markets especially intellectual property
iv. targeting vulnerable segments travellers
v. 41.6$ billion a year lost
vi. actions to stop it can lower customer satisfaction
d. Consumption Controversies
i. underage drinking and smoking, idealized self
images, compulsive gambling, overeating and obesity, privacy
ii. does marketing encourage? does it CAUSE?
e. disposition controversies
i. products that still work
ii. ones that do not function
iii. waste and pollution, littering campaigns
3. consumers and marketers being good
a. conservation behavior
b. publicizing health concerns
c. greenwashing = misleading use of environmental claims to appeal to consumers
d. charitable behavior and community involvement canada scouts (pepsi community donations)
4. customer resistance
a. boycotting
b. new method of buycotting