(a) What is the approximate force of gravity on a 70-kg person due to the Andromeda Galaxy, assuming its total mass is \(10^{13}\) that of our Sun and acts like a single mass 0.613 Mpc away? (b) What is the ratio of this force to the person’s weight? Note that Andromeda is the closest large galaxy.
Text Transcription:
10^13
● Ch 11 ○ Magnetic field lines ■ Sun's magnetic field affects the structure of the atmosphere ■ Solar wind ● Charged particles flowing away from sun through coronal holes ○ Solar wind streams ■ Coronal material flows along the magnetic field away from the sun ■ Extends about 100 AU ■ Voyager 1 spacecraft is traveling across boundary ● 40yrs ● Solar activity ○ Sun spots ■ Cooler areas in photospheres ■ Structure ● Dark umbra with surrounding penumbra ■ Caused by solar magnetic field ■ Number of sunspots varies over time ■ Latitude of spots also varies ■ Sun shows an 11 yr sunspot cycle ■ Solar maximum ● Most sunspots anda activity ■ Maunder minimum showed lack of missed ○ Magnetic flip ■ Missed ○ Solar prominences and flares ■ Prominences ● Hot rising gas in chromosphere constrained by mag field ■ Solar flares ● Coronal mass ejections that are highly energetic ■ Explosive behavior of sun is tied to sunspot cycle ● Activity is greater during maximum ■ Solar activity changes over time ■ Solar storms can disrupt electric power grids and satellites and cause brillant auroras ● Ch 12
