Write the structures of the hemiacetal or hemiketal that result from reactions (a) and (b). Label each product as a hemiacetal or hemiketal. Write the structures of the complete hydrolysis products of the acetal or ketal in (c) and (d).
(a) \(\text { Butan-2-one }+\text { Propan-1-ol } \longrightarrow ?\)
(b) \(\text { Butanal }+\text { Isopropanol } \longrightarrow ?\)
Text Transcription:
Butan-2-one Propan-1-ol longrightarrow ?
Butanal+Isopropanol longrightarrow ?
THERMODYNAMICS Spontaneous Processes: ● Spontaneous Process: a process that proceeds without outside intervention ● Nonspontaneous Process: process that cannot happen on its own ● Experimental conditions like temperature and pressure affect spontaneity ○ nonspontaneous process can become spontaneous under conditions like temperature and pressure ● Many exothermic reactions including combustion reactions and metal corrosion are spontaneous ○ some exothermic reactions aren’t spontaneous and some endothermic reactions are spontaneous ○ depends on reaction conditions ● Endothermic reactions are spontaneous due to their particles being more spread out and/or having more freedom of motion than the particles in their reactants Entropy: ● When an isolated thermodynamic system undergoes a change where the particles in the system disperse into a larger volume and/or gain freedom of motion, the process is always spontaneous ○ System experiences an increase in entropy ● Second law of thermodynamics: entropy of an isolated thermodynamic system always increases during a spontaneous process ● Entropy (S): a measure of how dispersed the energy of a system is ● Energy Dispersion ○ In the lab experiment, energy initially confined to the metal flows spontaneously from the hot metal into the cool water and is dispersed throughout the metal/water system
