Write equations for loss or gain of electrons by atoms that result in formation of the following ions:
(a) \(\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}\)
(b) \(\mathrm{Au}^{+}\)
(c) \(\mathrm{F}^{-}\)
(d) \(\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}\)
Text Transcription:
Ca^2+
Au^+
F^-
Cr^3+
CHAPTER 1: CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS 1) Matter: Composed of atoms. 2) Scanning Tunneling Microscope: Uses an electron current from a tiny tunnel needle to probe the surface of a substance. 3) Configuration of Atoms: Manner in which atoms are organized helps determine properties of a substance. 4) Scientific Method: Process that lie at the center of scientific inquiry. Observation Hypothesis Experiment Theory Prediction Experiment Natural law 5) Nature of measurements: Consists of numbers and scale of units. Mass, Weight English system: used in the united system. Metric System: Si system. KEY TERMS Certainty: Numbers that remain the same regardless of who takes the measurement. Uncertainty: estimated digits of numbers. Significant Figures: number in which the certain digits & uncertain digits are recorded. E.g. 10.65. What is the difference between 25ml and 25.00ml The uncertainty between 25ml is 24ml and 26ml while the uncertainty between 25.00ml is 24.99ml and 25.01 ml. Accuracy vs Precision: Agreement of a particular value with the true value vs Degree of agreement among several measurement of the same quantity. Closer value in measurement of same quantity. Random Errors: Equal probability of being high or low. Systematic Errors: 1-9 are significant figures 3456 has 4 significant figs. Non-Zeros: Leading Errors: Zeros that precede non zeros, do not count as significant figures. Example; 0.048 has 2 significant figures.
