Ammonia is synthesized industrially by reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen according to the equation \(3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{N}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)\). The free-energy change for this reaction is \(\Delta G=-16 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\), yet this reaction does not readily occur at room temperature. List three ways to increase the rate of this reaction.
Text Transcription:
3 H_2(g)+N_2(g) longrightarrow 2 NH_3(g)
Delta G=-16 ~kJ/mol
( 8/26 – 8/30 ) Organic Chemistry 8/26 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, behavior, and the reaction of molecules containing the element carbon o Molecules containing carbon are called Organic Compounds Organic Compounds can also contain hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and the halogens (Group 7A). Any molecule that does not contain the element carbon is called an Inorganic Compound Covalent Bonds Covalent Bonds are bonds between elements that only nonmetal and they bond by sharing electrons Most elements in organic compounds are nonmetal; therefore, contain covalent bonds 8/28 Stability in Atoms Any atoms whose Valence Shell is filled is considered stable o The Valence Shell is the outer-most shell around an atom Some atoms have more than one shell, so the Valence Shell is the furthest one from the nucleus o This can either be accomplished by having 2 electrons in the Valence Shell (H or He) or 8 electrons (the octet rule) The Octet Rule explains that an atom must have 8 electrons in the outer shell, but there are exceptions ( 8/26 – 8/30 ) Diatonic Fluorine is more stable than a single Fluorine molecule because the outer shell is filled Less stable elements have a higher energy When the free
