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Textbooks / Chemistry / Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (Mastering Chemistry) 8 / Chapter 14.7 / Problem 14.16

Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (Mastering Chemistry) | 8th Edition | ISBN: 9780134015187 | Authors: John McMurry, David Ballantine, Carl Hoeger, Virginia Peterson ISBN: 9780134015187 2044

Solution for problem 14.16 Chapter 14.7

Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (Mastering Chemistry) | 8th Edition

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Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (Mastering Chemistry) | 8th Edition | ISBN: 9780134015187 | Authors: John McMurry, David Ballantine, Carl Hoeger, Virginia Peterson

Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (Mastering Chemistry) | 8th Edition

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Problem 14.16

Name the following compounds:

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1 of 3

Lecturegivenon3/22/16 Antibodies–Y-shaped,twoaminoacidsjoinedbydisulfatebonds;thereisaconstant regionandavariableregion • Constantregionisthesameforeveryantibodyproduced • Variableregionisdifferentbasedondifferentgenes • Antibodiespromoteantigeneliminationthrough: o Neutralization-bindingtosurfaceproteinsonavirusorbacteriumand blockingitsabilitytoinfect o Agglutination–usingbothbondingsitesofanantibodytojoininvading cellstogetherinaclump o Precipation–linkdissolvedantigenmoleculestogether o Activationofcomplementsystem Cell-mediatedimmunity–anadaptiveresponseproducedbyT-cells,respondsto pathogensthathavealreadyenteredintothebodycells • KindsofTcells: o CytotoxicTcells o HelperTcells o MemoryTcells • Cell-mediatedresponseisproducedbycytotoxicTcells,battlepathogensthat enterbodycells • HelperTcellstriggerbothcell-mediatedandhumoralresponse,signalsfromthe helpercellsinitiateproductionofantibodies • TworequirementsmustbemetforahelperTcelltoactivateadaptiveresponse: o Foreignmoleculemustbepresentthatcanbindspecificallytoanantigen receptor o Antigenmustbedisplayedonsurfaceofantigen-presentingcell;includes macrophagesandBcells • Macrophagesingestforeignparticlesandbreakthemdown,andthenself proteinsbindtothenon-selfmolecules;theseselfproteinsdisplaythenon-self onthecellsurface • HelperTcellsrecognizeandbindtotheselfandnon-selfcombination–calleda self-nonselfcomplex • ActivatedhelperTcellspromoteimmuneresponsethroughsecretingproteins o StimulateclonalselectionofhelperTcellswhichproducesmemoryand effectorhelperTcells o ActivateBcellsandstimulatetheimmuneresponse o StimulatetheactivityofcytotoxicTcells CytotoxicTcells–theonlyTcellsthatkillinfectedcellsoncetheyareactivated • Clonalselectionoccursandtheeffectorcytotoxiccellsidentifyinfectedcells throughaself-nonselfcomplex • KillerTcellsbindtotheinfectedcell,whichactivatesittosynthesizetoxic proteinslikeperferin–thismakesholesintheinfectedcell’smembranewhich causeslysesordeath Chapter43:ReproductionandEmbryonicDevelopment Lecturegiven3/24/16 *mustunderstandthestructuresofthemaleandfemalereproductiveanatomy ModesofReproduction: • Asexualreproduction o Creationofgeneticallyidenticaloffspringbyoneparent o Rapidformofreproduction o Lessgeneticdiversitycomparedtosexualreproduction o Canoccurvia 1. budding–newindividualsformonadult;canstaythereorbreak off 2. fission–parentanimalbreaksintwopieces 3. fragmentation-piecesofanimalsbreakofftoformnewanimals o Parthenogenesis–formofasexualreproduction,stimulatesaneggto divide(usuallytriggeredbysperm)andproducethenextindividual • Sexualreproduction o Joiningofgametes–eggsandsperm o Someanimalsusebothmodesofreproduction o Hermaphroditism–individualhasbothmaleandfemalereproduction systems;makesiteasiertofindamate,butcanstillexchangegametes withotherindividuals o Twotypes: 1. Externalfertilization–wheneggsandspermaredischargednear eachothersimultaneously;fishandamphibians 2. Internalfertilization–spermisdepositedinthefemale reproductivetractinvariousways;mostterrestrialspecies HumanReproduction • Bothspeciesmusthaveasetofgonads,ductsforgametetransport,and structuresforcopulation

Step 2 of 3

Chapter 14.7, Problem 14.16 is Solved
Step 3 of 3

Textbook: Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (Mastering Chemistry)
Edition: 8
Author: John McMurry, David Ballantine, Carl Hoeger, Virginia Peterson
ISBN: 9780134015187

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