?Departures from Raoult’s law are primarily from liquid-phase nonidealities

Chapter 13, Problem 13.71

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Departures from Raoult’s law are primarily from liquid-phase nonidealities \(\left(\gamma_{i} \neq 1\right)\). But vapor-phase nonidealities \(\left(\hat{\phi}_{i} \neq 1\right)\) also contribute. Consider the special case where the liquid phase is an ideal solution, and the vapor phase a nonideal gas mixture described by Eq. (3.36). Show that departures from Raoult’s law at constant temperature are likely to be negative. State clearly any assumptions and approximations.

Text Transcription:

(gamma_i neq 1)

(hat phi_i neq 1)

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