Predict the conditions (high temperature, low temperature, all temperatures, or no temperatures) under which each reaction is spontaneous.
a. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)\)
b. \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}(s) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)\)
c. \(\mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}(g)\)
d. \(2 \mathrm{NO}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)\) (endothermic)
Text Transcription:
H_2O( g) longrightarrow H_2O(l)
CO_2(s) longrightarrow CO_2( g)
H_2( g) longrightarrow 2 H( g)
2 NO_2( g) longrightarrow 2 NO( g) + O_2( g)
CHM 030 Intro to Chemical P rinciples Chapter 2 Notes Professor Andy Ho Chapter 2 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules: Matter Starts Here 2.1 toms ❏ Radioactivity - the spontaneous emission of high-energy radiation and particles by materials ● Democritus (400 BC) said that matter is composed of atoms ● Still, s ome nanswered q uestions remained: ○ What is an atom made of ○ How are these components a rranged 2.2 The Rutherford Model ● By the end of the 19th century, many scientists had realized that atoms were not the smallest particles of matter, but rather consisted of even smaller subatomic particles ● This came in part from the research of the British scientist Joseph John (J.J.) Thomson (1856-1940) Electrons ● Thomson used a cathode-ray tube (CRT) in his experiments, which consists of a glass tube from hich ost of he ir h een removed ○ Electrodes in the tube are attached to the poles of a high-voltage power supply ○ The electrode, called the cathode, is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply, and the anode is connected to the positive terminal ○ When these connections are m
