The accompanying drawing represents a mixture of three different gases. (a) Rank the three components in order of increasing partial pressure. (b) If the total pressure of the mixture is 1.40 atm, calculate the partial pressure of each gas. [Section 10.6]
Intro to Clinical Psychology Chapter 11 Notes Chapter 11: Constructivist Theory & Therapy 1.1Key Psychologists: Milton Erickson De Shazer (solution-caused therapy) O’Hanlon (solution-oriented therapy, possibility therapy) 1.2Narrative Therapy Psychologists Epstein & White 1.3Major theoretical assumptions: 1. Emphasis is on the subjective meaning attached to experience, rather than the objective experience a. Post modernism -> these is no objective, scientific, deterministic reality [in therapy most of what we’re talking about is NOT “TRUTH”] b. Modernism -> scientific, objective, deterministic reality c. Constructivist -> knowledge and reality are constructed within the individual (influenced by cognitive & biological processes within the individual) d. a reality (object relations, two-person) [therapy is a social constructive process] 1.4Revisionist History 2. The importance of language; language builds & maintains our world view [language determines our reality] Victim Survivors Passive strong Helpless individual empowered *patient client consumers psychiatric survivors *labels matter 1.5Presuppositional questions 3. Change is both constant & inevitable [small changes are generative] a. Positive spiral going b. Don’t go for the BIG CURE 4. Therapy is collaborative, cooperative, co-constructive conversation a. Equal relationship, partnership [Client/therapist -> help define the “problem” in a way that is solvable] *Resistance [by the client] does not exist *Client is an expert on themselves and situation 5. Therapy focuses on a. Strengths b. Solutions c. Exceptions to problems d. Optimism and self-efficacy *therapist is strictly the cheerleader *credulous approach to assessment -> ask the client & they will tell you 6. Psychopathology: problems are either -> a. (1) ineffective solutions [change the viewing & the doing] b. (2) belief in an unhealthy pathology based narrative 1.6Structure Therapy: (1) Assessment: solution open broadly and moves quickly to identifying goals or solutions a. De Shazer -> no time on problems b. O’Hanlon -> empathy with clients *Therapist/Consultant (cabdriver) -> the client knows where they want to go & the therapist knows the best route to get them there *Narrative therapist -> may want to know how the narrative was constructed Motivation (O’Hanlon) Customers for change -> eager to work in therapy Complainants -> interested in therapy because of the insistence of another Visitors to treatment -> mandated clients who are not interested in therapy (2) Therapeutic techniques: a. Pretreatment change: “what improvements have you’ve noticed between when you called for the appointment and how” b. Unique account and redescription questions i. “unique outcome,” “sparling moments” Techniques: (3) Externalization of the problem a. Objectify & identify the problem as a separate entity (4) “doing” the problem (Glasser) (5) Carl Rogers with a twist (6) Relabeling -> stubborn -> determined, lazy -> gently on myself, & Reframing -> taking skills from one context and applying them to a new one (7) Exceptions questions (8) Hypothetical solutions a. “miracle tasks” (9) Formula tasks a. First session formula b. Do something different
