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Week 12 Continued Military Presence in Europe  The United States wants to disengage from Europe by 1950, but continued Russian occupation in Eastern Germany forces them to stay.  1948- The Marshall Plan provided the United States gave thirteen billion dollars to rebuild West Germany other European economies. The Soviet Union, however, denies aid from the Marshall Plan to European states in Eastern Europe.  1949- Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), forms public alliance system with the United States and European states. Germany – East and West  Berlin becomes central immigration zone to and from West and East Germany. - Immigration is difficult. Those that leave to Western Germany are forbidden to bring anything with them. - Soviet Union also confiscates black listed materials to those that come over. - Over 3 million leave this way into Western Germany. - “Iron Curtain” Period of Decolonization  Europeans give up colonial holdings.  Colony soldiers and migrant workers are exposed to new ideologies while in Europe. New political education spreads and anti-colonial movements form in India, Algeria, and North Africa. - French Indo-China or Vietnam resists French colonialism from 1946-54. Lead by Ho Chi Minh (who during the Treaty of Versailles was not even given admittance into the peace talks for the independence of Vietnam.) - Algeria uses political debates in the newly created United Nations to force the international community to pressure France into giving up its imperialist holdings in country. Women and Feminism in Europe  Role of women changes because of WWI and WWII. - Women go into the workplace and fill roles usually only for men.  Traditionalists want a “return to normalcy”, wanting women out of the workplace. - Women do not want to give up their new roles. West Europe 1960s  Freedoms are given as a whole, but repressive domestic sphere is bad for women. - Men could commit adultery, but women could face punishment. - Women cannot open bank accounts and hold property (to and extent).  The liberal sexual liberation in the 60s in the United States, but still repressive in Europe. - Few changes are made. There is not as much pressure for women to get married, but marriage rates peak. - There is more sex outside marriage. - Birth control is available, but illegal in many countries. Those that are not are restricted.  Feminist movements expose hypocrisy and inequalities in the home and in the workplace. East Europe  Domestic violence high in communist regions. - Repression of former POWs and daily humiliations of men fuels violence. - Despite rise in violence, East communism strengthens family ties. - Birth control and abortion legalized because the communism wanted to control birth rates. - Emancipation of women gives them new freedoms, but nothing radical. Week 12 Continued Military Presence in Europe  The United States wants to disengage from Europe by 1950, but continued Russian occupation in Eastern Germany forces them to stay.  1948- The Marshall Plan provided the United States gave thirteen billion dollars to rebuild West Germany other European economies. The Soviet Union, however, denies aid from the Marshall Plan to European states in Eastern Europe.  1949- Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), forms public alliance system with the United States and European states. Germany – East and West  Berlin becomes central immigration zone to and from West and East Germany. - Immigration is difficult. Those that leave to Western Germany are forbidden to bring anything with them. - Soviet Union also confiscates black listed materials to those that come over. - Over 3 million leave this way into Western Germany. - “Iron Curtain” Period of Decolonization  Europeans give up colonial holdings.  Colony soldiers and migrant workers are exposed to new ideologies while in Europe. New political education spreads and anti-colonial movements form in India, Algeria, and North Africa. - French Indo-China or Vietnam resists French colonialism from 1946-54. Lead by Ho Chi Minh (who during the Treaty of Versailles was not even given admittance into the peace talks for the independence of Vietnam.) - Algeria uses political debates in the newly created United Nations to force the international community to pressure France into giving up its imperialist holdings in country. Women and Feminism in Europe  Role of women changes because of WWI and WWII. - Women go into the workplace and fill roles usually only for men.  Traditionalists want a “return to normalcy”, wanting women out of the workplace. - Women do not want to give up their new roles. West Europe 1960s  Freedoms are given as a whole, but repressive domestic sphere is bad for women. - Men could commit adultery, but women could face punishment. - Women cannot open bank accounts and hold property (to and extent).  The liberal sexual liberation in the 60s in the United States, but still repressive in Europe. - Few changes are made. There is not as much pressure for women to get married, but marriage rates peak. - There is more sex outside marriage. - Birth control is available, but illegal in many countries. Those that are not are restricted.  Feminist movements expose hypocrisy and inequalities in the home and in the workplace. East Europe  Domestic violence high in communist regions. - Repression of former POWs and daily humiliations of men fuels violence. - Despite rise in violence, East communism strengthens family ties. - Birth control and abortion legalized because the communism wanted to control birth rates. - Emancipation of women gives them new freedoms, but nothing radical.