Organ donors A recent opinion poll showed that about 75%

Topic 10B: Depressive Disorders and Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychiatric Disorders Depressive Disorders Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Epidemiology  Affects more women (25%) than men (10%)  Risk factors include: o Being female o Family history o Having had a previous episode (50% of having a second episode)  Once you’ve had 3 episodes, you have a 90% chance. DSM­V Diagnosis: 5­9 symptoms, and 1 should be *  Depressed mood o I feel sad, I cry most of the day for at least 2 weeks  Lack of interest o In usual activities, you don’t feel like doing it  Feeling guilty/ worthless  Psychomotor retardation/ agitation o Moving slowly, talking and thinking slowly. Other people see it as well.  Sleep problems o Too much sleep o Wake up frequently o Difficulty getting to sleep but when they do, they sleep too much  Concentration problems o Find college really difficult, and too hard o Hard to focus, take notes, and study  Suicidal thoughts o Want to kill themselves  Appetite increase/ decrease o Most severely depressed people decrease/ lose weight  Energy problems o Don’t want to do things because it takes too much energy MUST HAVE THESE SYMPTOMS FOR MORE THAN 2 WEEKS MDD VS. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)  MDD is episodic  PDD is chronic o Ex. Eeyore (Winnie the Pooh)  Always in a negative mood! Other possible characteristics:  Seasonal course: Happens in places where there is not any sun. Sunlight helps them!  If you have work in dark areas or no windows. A light box can help them.  Postpartum depression o A month or more after giving birth  Psychotic depression o Lost touch with reality o Holding beliefs that are not true o Hallucinations How do we treat MDD Cognitive­behavioral therapy! Theoretical model Thoughts  Emotions and Behaviors  Identifying and challenging maladaptive thoughts  Increasing pleasant activities Brief psychodynamic therapy CBT Interpersonal therapy­evaluating your relationships There is a negative use of self, others, world, and the future. Example: I’m worthless Feelings of depression/ Behave depressed We fix the thoughts so that the outcomes changes Film: What CBT Therapy looks like Schizophrenia (genet Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Schizophrenia Primary characteristics: o Problems in cognitions o Personality disintegration o Social withdrawal Epidemiology:  Occurs in 1% of the population  Occurs equally in men and women Hallmark Symptoms  Delusions: False personal beliefs  Examples: o Andrea Yates: arrested for drowning her five children, believed that Satan had taken over her body, and soul and was eyeing her children’s souls next o Man killed a Tustin bookkeepers because he believed she was not paying him for janitorial work o Seven year old Los Angeles girls believes that a rat and car are urging her to do “bad thing” o Florida man believes he communicates with celebrities via telepathy o Oregon woman believed that medical mogul Ted Tuner intend to hive her the house of her neighbors o Man believed that people were planting devices underneath his house o A woman believes that people were plotting a plan to kill and eliminate her Many Types of Delusions  Grandeur (You believe that you have special powers/ status… But you do not know)  Control (Control of you by other people/ Other people are controlling you)  Persecution (Agitate/ People are trying to drive me crazy, trying to steal from me, and trying to ruin my life)  Reference (“Things are referring to you, that aren’t!” Example: You’re watching a television newscast, someone turns up and they say that people can now adopt dogs for $20’s. The delusional person will believe that this podcast will only be directed towards you, and NOT anybody else. You, personally.)  Capgras’ syndrome (The belief in existence of identical twin doubles, that either coexist with you/ replace people around you.) Too much dopamine: Schizophrenia Too little dopamine: Parkinson’s  Hallucinations: Perceptions that are not attributable to environmental stimuli  Can involve any of the five senses o Auditory (Hearing) o Olfactory (Smelling) o Gustatory (Taste) o Visual (Seeing) o Tactile (Touch. Ex. Bugs crawling in skin…) Disorganized Speech  Loose associations: Continual shifting of thoughts without any logical connections between them  Tangetiality: Drifting off a topic of conversations without returning to one’s original point  Word Salad: Words juxtaposed in illogical ways  Neologisms: New words formed by combines words in common usage o Field + Cow = Fieldcow  Clang associations: Associating words according to rhyme rather than meaning  Disorganized behavior (Doesn’t make sense/ Stereotypical “crazy” behavior) OR catatonic behavior (Not talking, not responding, not moving)  Negative symptoms: o Flat affect: Not happy, not sad, just “not there” o Avolition: Lack of motivation o Anhedonia: Inability to experience pleasure How do we treat this Neuroleptic medication!  Dopamine hypothesis: Schizophrenia = A “too much DA” problem  Neuroleptic medications block DA receptors in neurons Symptoms: Large involuntary muscle movements “dyskinesia”, pill roller, tongue/denture movement