If the apex angle of a prism is <f> = 72 (see Fig.

Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide RUSSIAN MUSIC: NINETEENTH CENTURY:  Modern Russian symphonic music dates back to the mid-19th century  Pre-18th-century music in Russia was based on the church or folk music o Consisted of singing, rather than instruments  In the 18th century music started being imported from the West o This resembles the history of literary development  Mikhail Glinka, 1804-1857 o Works include:  European orchestration techniques  Russian folk elements o Best-known works:  A Life for the Tsar (1835-1836)  Based on legend from Russia’s Time of Troubles in the early 17th century o When a Russian is captured by invading Poles, he leads them away from the monastery they had demanded he show them o He knows that this will mean his death o Tsar is hidden there  Ruslan and Ludmilla (1838-1842)  Based on Pushkin’s narrative poem by this name  Petr Tchaikovsky, 1840-1893 o Russia’s best-known composer for Westerners  Some fellow-Russians objected to his inclusion of Western European orchestral traditions  Works: o Piano Concerto #1 in B-Flat Major (1874)  One of the most famous piano concertos in the world o Marche Slave (1876)  Written on behalf of the Russian liberation of Serbia  Contains the theme “God Save the Tsar” o Opera Eugene Onegin (1877)  Based on Pushkin’s long poem o Swan Lake (1877)  One of the best-known Russian ballets o 1812 Overture (1880)  Written in honor of the Russians’ defeat of the French  Contains “God Save the Tsar” as well as the French anthem “La Marseillaise” o Ballets  Sleeping Beauty (1890)  Nutcracker (1892) Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide THE FIVE:  Russia’s nationalist school of musicians  Also called “The Mighty Handful.”  Goal was to compose uniquely Russian music  Opposed the more European-focused “Conservatory” musicians  Mili Balakirev (1837-1910) o Founder of the group o Sought for Russian music to develop not only based on European models, but also on native Russian ones o Best-known works:  Overture on Russian Folk Themes  Islamey  Includes melodies from themes he heard in the Caucasus  Aleksandr Borodin (1833-1887) o Chemist by profession o Best-known works:  Opera Prince Igor  Wrote over a period of twenty years  Based on the Igor Tale  Contains a section called the “Polovtsian Dances”  Ballet that is often performed separately by symphony orchestras  Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881) o Most original of the group o Army officer and alcoholic o Traced his roots back to Riurik’s dynasty of Kievan Rus’ o Influenced by folk melodies in his works o Best-known works:  Night on Bald Mountain (1867)  Calls to mind a witches’ Sabbath  Pictures at an Exhibition (1874)  Includes scenes evoking ancient Kiev  Boris Godunov (1875-80)  Opera we have seen partially in class  Later rewritten in part by Rimsky-Korsakov  Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) o Engineer and musical scholar o Identified and classified hundreds of Russian folk songs o Works include:  Scheherezade (1887-1888)  Ballet based on the Arabian nights  Sadko (1896)  Opera based on a Novgorod folk tale  Tale of the Tsar Sultan (1899-1900)  Comic opera based on a poem by Pushkin Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide  Includes the ballet sequence “The Flight of the Bumblebee.”  Cesar Cui (1835-1918) o Least-known of the group o Works:  The Prisoner of the Caucasus (1859)  Based on a poem by Pushkin Russian Realist Painters (2nd half of 19th century)  Realist authors like Turgenev o Interest in the peasantry o Desire through literature to improve the lot of the Russian people o Calling for the end of serfdom o Asking for a new and more just order  Nationalist Russian musicians o Broke away from the academy to showcase native Russian themes in their music o Mussorgsky  Realist painters also attempted to paint life just as it was  Peredvizhniki (the Wanderers, the Itinerants). o New movement in art o Russian artists wanted to play a role in making Russia a more liberal and just place o Painters broke from the official art academy and started their own travelling exhibitions  Particularly from Itinerants or Peredvizhniki o Determined to serve the peasantry  Russian Populism  1860s and 1870s  Students went to the countryside to teach peasants, then directed efforts at urban populations  1,000’s of idealists went to preach in the countryside a doctrine of social progress and the common good o 1874  People and the government were baffled  Students were arrested  Art reflects this social trend by combining a respect for the values of peasant life and a deep desire to reform social and political life  Leo Tolstoy supported these trends o Ivan Kramskoy  Leader of Peredvizhniki  Mission was to create a Russian rendering of Christ o Ilia Repin  Most famous member  Known for portrayals of what was going on in Russian society, with a political twist Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide  Became famous with his painting of the Volga Barge-Haulers, full of human misery  (1870-3)  Series about injustice of Russia  "They Did Not Expect Him," o Portrayed the return home of a political prisoner o (1883-98)  Painted famous portraits of novelist Leo Tolstoy, especially dressed as a peasant  (1891-3) o Isaac Levitan  (1882-90s in particular)  Known for portrayals of Russian Nature o Another theme: old Russia  Mystical approach to the motherland  Prime example is the work of painter Vasily Surikov  Major work is the Boyarina Morozova (1887) o Portrays an Old Believer being taken off to prison IMPORTANT ART Ilia Repin, Volga Barge-Haulers Ivan Kramskoy, Russian version of Christ Ilia Repin, Barefoot painting of Tolstoy Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide Isaac Levitan, House With Ilia Repin, “They Did Not Broom-Trees Expect Him” Isaac Levitan, Spring in the Forest Vasily Surikov, Boyarina Morozova Isaac Levitan, Autumn Road in a Village Pushkin and Lermontov  Pushkin’s “The Queen of Spades” & Lermontov’s “Taman” o Examples of Russian Romanticism  Romanticism reaches its height in Russia in the 1820s o Influence of Byron and Byronism  Byronic hero was a defiant, melancholy young man, apart from and misunderstood by the rest of society o Pushkin writes Byronic tales o Pechorin, hero of Lermontov’s Hero of Our Time, from which “Taman” is taken, is clearly in that same tradition o Russian Romantic writers focus on:  Escapism and rebellion  Social protest and individual isolation  Exotic settings  Madness and murder Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide o Adapted these themes to a Russian milieu o Pechorin and Pushkin’s Onegin in Eugene Onegin are seen as experiencing a uniquely Russian sort of boredom  That of the superfluous man  Superfluous men were Romantic characters seen as out of harmony with world around them, rejecting it or being rejected by it  Pushkin, “The Queen of Spades” o Born 1799, died 1837 in a duel o Fall 1833: finishes “Bronze Horseman”  Tale of Petersburg o After that, turned predominantly to prose  “Pikovaia dama” (“The Queen of Spades”)  Written 1833 & published 1834  Ghost story  Family drama  Social commentary  Main characters in the story  Lermontov, “Taman” o Somewhat late, since finished 1840 and appeared 1841  Mikhail Lermontov: o People tend to group Pushkin and Lermontov together  Extraordinary poets who died very young in duels  Believed in poet’s task as one of preaching freedom  Lermontov seen as Pushkin’s heir  Very influenced by the older poet o Born in 1814 (15 years after Pushkin) o Came of age during a very reactionary time, the period when the czar clamped down on early freedom-lovers o HUGE impact of Pushkin’s death  Deeply distraught  Wrote poem about the event  Angry at anyone who condoned d’Anthes killing Pushkin  Becomes famous  Nicholas I is appalled and alarmed o Lermontov exiled to active service in the Caucasus o Published a book of verse and also in 1840 his novel A Hero of Our Time o Died in a duel in 1841, at not quite 27 years of age o A Hero of Our Time  Written 1837-40  First major prose novel in Russian literature  Main character: Pechorin  Lermontov saw Pechorin as typical of his generation  Often seen as the heir to Pushkin’s Evgenii Onegin, the superfluous man Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide Gogol and Turgenev  Russian lit of nineteenth century (post-Romanticism) known as Realist o Particularly 1840-1890s o Present life as it is, rather than romantically presenting emotions and feelings o Focus on details, slice of life, setting, nature, believable dialogue that reflects social classes o Most important: focus on Russian reality  Particularly people, social institutions, social needs o Novels in particular, as we see with Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, become vehicles of social action, social change.  Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, 1809-1852 o Dostoevsky famously said, “We all came out from under Gogol’s overcoat.” o Wrote some very famous works  Novel Dead Souls  Play The Inspector General  "The Overcoat” 1835  Gogol began a new chapter in Russian literature  Underdog and social misfit treated not as a nuisance, or figure of fun, or object of charity, but as human being  Akaky Akakievich demands our sympathy o What does he say to the people who torment him o Downfall comes when he succumbs to the lore of the new coat, rather than simply finding joy in copying o Where does he live, and how is the city portrayed  Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, 1818-1883 o Lived much of his life abroad o Dostoevskii disliked him and caricatured him in his last work The Devils  Suggested at one point that if he wished to continue writing about Russia, he might want to purchase a telescope in order to train his sights on his far-off native land o Seen at times as an outsider  Believed in the ideals of Western, liberal humanism  Struck Western European contemporaries as most Western of Russians o Passed much of his life in France and Germany as an expatriate o Read hugely in English, French, German, and Spanish literature o Tolstoy and Dostoevsky eclipsed Turgenev in perceived importance at turn of century  He was older and seemed old-fashioned o Two lines of Russian literature  One stems from Pushkin  Clear and harmonious  Tolstoy  Turgenev Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide  Other from Gogol  Startling and strange  Crazy narrators and twists of plot  Dostoevksii o Turgenev importance:  When Turgenev began writing novels, there was no tradition of Russian novel-writing  Instrumental in creating the Russian novel st  1 Russian writer to gain a big reputation in the West. o Turgenev's first literary sensation (1852)  Notes of a Hunter  Russian Uncle Tom's Cabin o Expose of the evils and injustices of serfdom  Serfs were freed in 1861  Greeted with rapture o Progressives for its attack on serfdom o Slavophiles for its sympathetic treatment of the Russian peasant  2 Groups of Russian intellectuals of 1840’s o Slavophiles  Celebrated all that was uniquely Russian and did not seek inspiration in Western Europe o Westernizers  Wanted Russia to follow the West in its development and customs Dostoevsky  Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, 1821-1881 o Born into family of former army surgeon  Father's brutality  Idealizes image of his mother  Both parents die when he's a teenager o Escapes into books--later, too, as a student at military academy o Short novel, “Poor People”  Brings instant fame  Not for long o Lives in poverty  "I'm living in hell. I don't see life, don't have time to breathe." o 1849 arrested for membership in Petrashevsky  Radical discussion group  Sentenced to death--last-minute reprieve  Serves sentence in Siberia  Out of literary life for a decade o Returns to St. Petersburg  Now conservative politically and religiously Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide  Regains fame writing about prison experience  Journalism: publishes a journal along with his brother o Great novels  Crime and Punishment  The Idiot  The Devils/Possessed  The Brothers Karamazov o Known as a psychological author  Work influenced Freud and Nietzsche o “The Meek Woman”  How is "the Meek Woman" described  What about the narrator  Why do they get married  What is the significance of her singing Tolstoy  1828-1910  Born at estate called Yasnaia Poliana o Born to Count Nikolai Tolstoi and Princess Maria Volkhonskaya o Received the estate in 1847  1862 marries Sofia Bers o 13 children  10 survive  Dies at stationmaster’s house in Astapovo  Sent to university but left without a degree  Joined army and went to the Caucasus in 1851 o Begins literary career while in army o Wrote Childhood and Boyhood and military tales  Reputation strong by the time he turned up in Petersburg  Returns to estate o Tries to educate children of his serfs  In 1860s writes War and Peace o Finishes it in 1869  1873-7 Anna Karenina o During this time incredibly depressed  Thinks of suicide  By 1878 has undergone a conversion o Wanted to destroy previous work  1882 writes his Confession o Censors wouldn’t let him publish  Rest of his life spent propagating his religious views o Kingdom of God is Within You: 1893  Text that stresses non-resistance to evil and anarchy  Influenced Gandhi o Started writing stories for peasants Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide  Along with V.G. Chertkov founded in 1884 a non-profit publishing house meant to publish and distribute these stories  Best known Russian of his time by the end of his life o Conscience of humanity and the sage of Yasnaya Polyana  Committees in Europe and US o Appalled government and official church  Excommunicated from Orthodox Church in 1901 o Most works post-1880 banned by censors  Last years married by marital strife o Left in protest and died at RR station  Known best for his novels of the middle period o Anna Karenina and War and Peace  Known for a literary technique called estrangement, or in Russian остранение ostranenie o Makes a reader look at a known phenomenon in a new way  "Holstomer"  Horse describes typical human notions, such as the idea of property, in a new way and that in turn makes us look at something we take for granted in a new way  Why does Holstomer describe himself as thrice unfortunate Chekhov  1860-1904  Prolific writer of short stories  Author of 4 well-known plays  Doctor, at varying points in his life  Move beyond Realism, into a new, twilight age of Russian culture  Writing reflects his work as a good doctor o Compassionate, clear-eyed, unsentimental o Not tendentious literature: reports dispassionately in his short stories  As opposed to Dost. or Tolstoy, with their proclamations  He was absolutely adored by his readers & by those who saw his plays o Plays are a product of the 1890s  Chekhov became Russia's leading dramatist  Married Olga Knipper o Leading actress who played Mme Ranevskaya in the first "Cherry Orchard" production in 1904 (written in 1903) o Lived apart and he encouraged her to pursue her career  Died of tuberculosis in 1904  The 20th-century Russian writer Pasternak wrote of Chekhov's stories o Deceptive simplicity o Chekhov gives us a slice of life, and he doesn't judge it o A picture of a moment in Russian society, in the life of one Russian person or an interaction Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide  Chekhov's plays o Real drama of the plays lies in human relations, rather than in big actions  Melodramatic actions or speeches don't change status quo  By the time he writes "Cherry Orchard," that is beginning to change  The characters except Lopakhin don't really do anything, and the major action happens off stage  Mme Ranevskaia does not want anything to change, while Lopakhin wants to cut down the cherry orchard to make way for a new world  Many main characters, no one most important  People's lack of mutual understanding and communication  Portrait of his world, a dying, changing world o Cherry orchard o Butler, Fiers Gorky  1868-1936  Born Aleksei Peshkov o Took pseudonym Gorkii to show bitterness of life  Means “bitter”  Heralds the new Soviet order  Realist Writer  Early Life o Lower middle-class family o Lost parents, started life on his own at 11 o Dishwasher, baker, all sorts of different professions described in his three-volume autobiography  Wrote stories of the hobo, the drifter  Soon Gorkii's stories were being published by big journals in Petersburg and Moscow o Around 1899  Stories known for their sympathy with the urban underclasses  Eventually Gorkii becomes known as a radical, revolutionary member of the leftist intelligentsia o Publishes in journals where Lenin also publishes o Exiled temporarily  Actively supported the revolution of 1905 o Joined the Bolshevik party at that point  After 1917 Gorkii recognized that many writers were starving o Set up publishing venture to get great works of literature translated into Russian o Used his credit with the new regime to save lives and culture  Left SU in 1921 Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide o Ended up in Italy, until 1931  Lured back by Stalin  Gave him a mansion and then (possibly) killed him  "26 Men and a Girl" 1899 o Early story, not overtly revolutionary  Roots of Gorkii's later political activity o How do the men in the story live  Still people  Also note singing  Poor living conditions o Why do they love Tanya  They need something to love o How does she betray them  Gets with the new bun baker o How does Gorkii bring out the contrast between the man she loves and the men who give her biscuits o How is the story written  Told in first-person plural  No individuality for the men cooped up  Seen by other and themselves as a nondescript, anonymous group The Silver Age  Symbolism, Acmeism, Futurism  New reading class was developing in this new, modernist world o Stress on:  The individual  Feelings/emotions  The new  Creativity  Revolution  The spiritual  ELITE group of writers developing (vs. Gorky) o Writing not for new reading masses but for the select o Called first Decadents, then Symbolists o Sought to write about same issues in new, esoteric language  The individual  Role of the artist in society  Sexuality  Political change  Social change st o 1 generation of Symbolists (1890s) led by the writer Valerii Briusov  Inspired by the example of the French Symbolists, particularly Baudelaire  Set out to create one a movement like the French Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide  "O cover thy pale legs"  Scandalous verse, the public shocked o Briusov happy  Determined to create a new writing style in Russia  One that would make people wake up and realize that Russian culture must change  New world requires a new style of literature o 2ndgeneration of Russian Symbolists  Bely, Blok, Ivanov  Literature played a more serious role, not only style and shocking content, but spiritual meaning as well  New, complicated, shocking style  Higher purpose in mind  These writers think that:  Symbolism o Each word stands for a higher ideal o If we are the right kind of reader, we will gain access into that higher world by reading  The writer is a priest o Guide his few comprehending readers to a higher world, to a revolution of the spirit o Create new Russians, a new Russia, filled with people with insight into holy, otherworldly ideas  Bely convinced that his literature could inaugurate a new world o 1 of the ways this could happen was through his language: repetition, ellipses, abrupt punctuation, neologisms  make the reader work to come to enlightenment  End goal:  Create a spiritual revolution in Russia  Big influence is the philosopher Vladimir Soloviev o Acmeists  Next group of "elite" writers  Much easier to deal with  Rejected the highflying goals of Symbolism  Rejoiced in classical culture  Wrote elegant, classical verse  Osip Mandelstam and Anna Akhmatova o Futurists  Rejected all literature and culture of the past  "Throw Pushkin and Dostoevsky off the ship of modernity”  Looking for radical departure from any literature of the past  The world existed as an end in itself  Didn't need reference to meaning or reality Russ 280 Exam 2 Study Guide  Produced nonsense words, syllables artistically positioned on a page Music of the Silver Age  Moussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov's return to a glorified Russian past as a way to discuss contemporary Russia or to escape from it  Symbolic mysticism of Scriabin (1872-1915) o Became affiliated with a cult  Convinced he was a godlike font of creativity privy to the secrets of the universe o Preoccupation with mystical philosophy filled his compositions  First Symphony has choral finale that glorifies art as a form of religion o Other Works  Third Symphony  The Divine Poem  Based on theosophy  Mystical teaching common to Symbolists such as Belyi for instance o Dreamed of redeeming all of humanity by creating a powerful synthesis of all the arts  Stravinsky (1882-1971) o Based his music in Russian folkloric roots o Rejected Western-style harmonies o 1913 Rite of Spring was a huge scandal wthn it was first performed  Most famous musical work of 20 century  Huge riot when 1 performed in Paris  Stress on primitivism  Subtitled “Scenes of Pagan Russia”  Depicts orgy in ancient Slavic past  Incredible syncopation  Surprising meters o Taught by Rimsky-Korsakov  Orchestration influenced Stravinsky's