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Psychology & Culture Week 9 Notes Class #22 Emotion  Theoretical perspectives o James-Lange theory of emotions  Emotions are physiologically/bodily responses  Ex: you see a bear, how do you react  Anger situation distinct physiological state anger  Bodily response causes emotion  Evidence  The facial feedback hypothesis: we experience emotions as a result of the positions of our facial muscles  Ex: pen exercise holding a pen w/mouth o Holding between your teeth= evokes happy emotions because it engages same muscles when we smile o Holding w/nose & upper lip= evokes sad emotions because it engages same muscles when we frown  Facial Expressions o 6 basic emotions/facial expressions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust o Ekman & the universality perspective  If expressions are universal, then participants from different cultures will agree on the emotion being expressed o Identifying emotions in photograph  Study 1 (Ekman & Friesen, 1971)  Participants from U.S., Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Japan (WEIRD cultures)  Accuracy ranged from 63% (anger) to 97% (happy)  Study 2 (Ekman et al., 1969)  Papa New Guinea  Fore (from Papa New Guinea) told a story, identify corresponding facial expression (from photos) o Fore= “pre-literate” culture/society of Papa New Guinea  Accuracy (%): o Happiness- 92% o Sadness- 82% o Anger- 90% o Disgust- 85% o Fear- 93% o Surprise- 98%  Study 3 (Ekman et al., 1969)  Fore’s facial expressions of emotions are photographed, U.S. participants identify emotions in photos  Theoretical Perspectives o Two-Factor Theory of emotions  Emotions are interpretations of bodily responses  The importance of the source of bodily responses  Source unknown (or ambiguous) Interpret by looking to the situation  Appraisal: evaluation of what the situation/event means  *study by Schacter & Singer (1962)*  Appraisals- do they vary o No, in the sense that some situations means the same to everyone  Think: basic needs o Yes, in the sense that culture shapes our interpretations & resulting emotions  Ex: a shoe is thrown at you (video of President Bush)  Middle east= sign of disrespect  U.S.= amusement  Ex: writing in red ink  Korea= writing someone’s name in red ink AFTER they die it’s a sign of respect; writing someone’s name in red ink BEFORE they die is a sign of disrespect or is viewed as very negative  U.S.= associated with bad/negative feedback Class #23  Facial expressions- do they vary o Recap:  Cultural similarities (& some differences) in how we…  Recognize & produce facial expression  Appraise the situations that elicit emotions o What about…  How we display our emotions  Variations across cultures  How much do we regulate them  Does what we express via facial expressions accurately convey what we feel inside o Ekman and the universality perspective  If expressions are universal, then participants from different cultures will display the same expressions under the same situations  Study 4 (Ekman, 1972)  Two groups of U.S. & Japanese participants  First group viewed natural or stress-inducing film in room alone*  Facial expressions videotaped & judged by second group o What film is this participant watching  *measured accuracy of answer from second group  When viewing U.S. expressions: r= .77  When viewing Japanese expressions: r=.79  Then viewed stressful film in room with the experimenter o Experimenter= older male professor wearing a suit & lab coat o Predictions: U.S. show more disgust than Japanese o Facial expressions videotaped & compared o Why might people smile in this situation  Nervous reaction, reassure experimenter that they’re not disgusted at them because of video o Cultural display rules  Amplification (express more)  Deamplification (express less)  Neutralization (show nothing)  Masking (show something else)  Simulation (show even if not feeling)  *study 4 shows some deamplification/masking in Japanese participants o What cultural factors encourage the use of display rules What about immediate social factors  Job masking  Kid on Christmas simulation Class #24  Emotional experiences- do they vary o Similarity in physiological responses o The Minangkabau study (Levenson et al., 1992)  Participants were Minangkabau men and U.S. men & women  Given instructions re: expressions held for 10 minutes  “Wrinkle your nose & let your mouth open, pull your lower lip down…”  Measured heart rate, skin conductance and respiration  U.S. participants showed increased heart rate for each emotion as compared to the Minangkabau o Differences in physiological responses o How rude! (Anderson & Linden, 2008)  Chinese- & European-Canadians  Rude experimenter  Measured blood pressure & heart rate  Chinese-Canadians show faster decline in heart rate after dealing with the experimenter than the European-Canadians  Typical responses to an annoying situation:  Express, suppress, distract, & reappraisal  Why the differences  European-Canadians usually express emotions more  Chinese-Canadians engage in reappraisal