A Thermometer?. Suppose you have a tube of length L containing a gas whose temperature you want to take, but you cannot get inside the tube. one end is closed, and the other end is open but a small speaker producing sound of variable frequency is at that end. You gradually increase the frequency of the speaker until the sound from the tube first becomes very loud. With further increase of the frequency, the loudness decreases but then gets very loud again at still higher frequencies. Call fo the lowest frequency at which the sound is very loud. (a) Show that the absolute temperature of this gas is given by T = 16ML2f02/?R, where M is the molar mass of the gas, ? is the ratio of its heat capacities, and R is the ideal gas constant. (b) At what frequency above f0 will the sound from the tube next reach a maximum in loudness? (c) How could you determine the speed of sound in this tube at temperature T?
Female Hormones View the end of menstruation as the start of a new cycle Early in the cycle the uterine lining is thin and there are no ripe follicles in the ovary Follicular Phase o Last 9-10 days o FSH causes a follicle in the ovary to begin growing o As the follicle grows it produces more and more estrogen o Estrogen causes the uterine lining to thicken o When estrogen level gets high enough it stimulates via GnRH the sudden release of a large amount of LH from the pituitary gland o LH causes ovulation, the follicle ruptures and the egg is released Luteal Phase o Lasts 13-15 days o After ovulation the LH causes the ruptured follicle to differentiate into a yellowish mass rich in blood vessels Corpus Luteum- yellow body Continues to secrete estrogen, but not as much as the follicle before ovulation Also secretes the second female hormone- progesterone Progesterone prepares the uterine lining to receive the embryo***** Also inhibits secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary- prevents molecular growth and ovulation o If fertilization does not occur the Corpus Luteum begins to go away 11 days after ovulation- progesterone secretion falls o If fertilization does occur the Corpus Luteum does not atrophy- progesterone level is maintained so the uterine lining is maintained Flow phase o Lasts 4-6 days o When the progesterone level falls the uterine lining can no longer be maintained- part of it is reabsorbed and the remainder is sluffed off during the period of menstruation o The drop in progesterone allows FSH and LH secretion to begin again o New follicle beings growing and the cycle repeats Since a woman’s body has been accustomed since puberty to function with the presence of sex hormones their withdrawal at the end of the Luteal Phase can result in physiological and psychological disturbances o Irritatability o Depression o Nausea o Cramps At menopause o Ovaries atrophy o Secretion of estrogen and progesterone fall to low levels o Also result in physiological and psychological disturbances Female Hormones View the end of menstruation as the start of a new cycle Early in the cycle the uterine lining is thin and there are no ripe follicles in the ovary Follicular Phase o Last 9-10 days o FSH causes a follicle in the ovary to begin growing o As the follicle grows it produces more and more estrogen o Estrogen causes the uterine lining to thicken o When estrogen level gets high enough it stimulates via GnRH the sudden release of a large amount of LH from the pituitary gland o LH causes ovulation, the follicle ruptures and the egg is released Luteal Phase o Lasts 13-15 days o After ovulation the LH causes the ruptured follicle to differentiate into a yellowish mass rich in blood vessels Corpus Luteum- yellow body Continues to secrete estrogen, but not as much as the follicle before ovulation Also secretes the second female hormone- progesterone Progesterone prepares the uterine lining to receive the embryo***** Also inhibits secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary- prevents molecular growth and ovulation o If fertilization does not occur the Corpus Luteum begins to go away 11 days after ovulation- progesterone secretion falls o If fertilization does occur the Corpus Luteum does not atrophy- progesterone level is maintained so the uterine lining is maintained Flow phase o Lasts 4-6 days o When the progesterone level falls the uterine lining can no longer be maintained- part of it is reabsorbed and the remainder is sluffed off during the period of menstruation o The drop in progesterone allows FSH and LH secretion to begin again o New follicle beings growing and the cycle repeats Since a woman’s body has been accustomed since puberty to function with the presence of sex hormones their withdrawal at the end of the Luteal Phase can result in physiological and psychological disturbances o Irritatability o Depression o Nausea o Cramps At menopause o Ovaries atrophy o Secretion of estrogen and progesterone fall to low levels o Also result in physiological and psychological disturbances
