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Survey of US History Notes Exam 3 03/20/2016 ▯ Lever Act 1917  Gave President control over production, prices, and distribution of food and fuel ▯ Overman Act 1918  Reinforced the president’s emerging war power ▯ Herbert Hoover  Food Administration o Cut back on American food consumption o Increased food shipment overseas to troops ▯ William McAdoo  Railroad Administration o Took all competing railroads and synchronized them ▯ Standard Time Act 1918  To regulate train arrival  Time zones  Daylight savings ▯ Bernard Baruch  War Industries Board o Decided what factories did o Had power to take over factories o Could cut off raw materials to factories if they didn’t cooperate ▯ War Labor Board  Tried to ensure peace between companies and Unions  Established 8 hour work days and better wages ▯ Committee on Public Information  George Creel  Canned speeches  Trying to bring everyone together Liberty Leagues  Spy on neighbors o Report suspicious activity  Propaganda ▯ Executive Order 1917  Federal employees could not criticize war effort ▯ Espionage Act of 1917  Automatic 20 year sentence for aiding and abetting the enemy or refusing to enlist ▯ Sedition Act 1918  No criticism of the government, flag, military, or constitution  15,000 arrested ▯ Eugene Debs ▯ Alexander Kerensky  Russian people were suffering  He led revolt and took over czar  Vladimir Lenin took power from Kerensky ▯ 14 Points  Woodrow Wilson’s plan in 1918  Germany thought they could have an honorable surrender with this treaty o They were alone in the war and decided to surrender  Negotiated at Palace of Versailles in hall of mirrors o 1. Open diplomacy  no more secret alliances o 2. Freedom of the seas  rights of neutrals to travel on seas  Britain didn’t like this one o 3. Free trade  trading partners generally don’t fight o 4. Arms reductions  If people aren’t prepared for war, they won’t be so anxious to fight o 6-13 other points o 14. League of Nations  wanted to forget the past  Europe was not ready to let past go  Wilhelm abdicates; flees to Holland o Queen Wilhelmina protected him ▯ Treaty of Versailles 1919 1. Heavy Reparations 2. Germany gave up all colonies 3. Germany army and navy reduced to police forces 4. War guild clauses i. Germany was humiliated  Alsace Lorrants o Contested territory o Given to France  Saar o Industrial heart of Germany o Given to France ▯ 11/11/1911- Armistice Day (Veteran’s Day)  65 million went to war  8 million men died  European nations owed about $13 billion to USA ▯ John Maynard Keynes  Predicted another war from the treatment of Germany in the Treaty of Versailles 1919 ▯ Woodrow Wilson  Made supporters angry when dealing with treaty o He only brought democrats with him to Europe o Senate angered  Republicans regained control of Senate and House ▯ 1919 presented Treaty to Senate  UN clause- US had to go to aid of anyone in League o US didn’t know who would be in the league o Didn’t want to give up their freedom of deciding when to go war o Senate rewrote treaty ▯ Irreconcilables  Led by senator William E. Borah  Opposition to League of Nations equal protection clause  Henry Cabot Lodge supported them  Group of senators campaigned against ratification of the treaty ▯ Wilson had stroke  Edith Wilson basically became president for his last two years ▯ Election of 1920  Americans were unhappy with USA’s role in WWI  Recession as economy recovered from sudden change from wartime to peacetime  Spanish epidemic killed more than the war did  1 election women could vote  James M. Cox (D) v. Warren G. Harding (R) o Both relatively unknown  Harding invented word “normalcy” o Pro business o Won by a lot o Solid democrat south ▯ Roaring 20s  Automobile became more widespread  Birth rates went up  People tired of reform and wanted to live  WWI was an eye opener o Thousands died for what!  “decade where democracy died”  few people in rural areas and census didn’t reapportion house of representatives ▯ Urban vs. Rural  Split became obvious  Values of people are very different  City people saw country people as uncultured  Active disdain for rural values  Sinclair Lewis- “Main Street” o Cynical book about small town people  Thomas Wolfe o “Look Homeward Angel” o Book based on hometown- Asheville, NC o Didn’t disguise characters well enough o Active disdain for rural values  H.L. Mencken o Founded a magazine catering to city folk o Hated William Jennings Bryan (populist)  “The New Yorker” o debut in 1925 ▯ 1920s cont’d  immigration increased  65% of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe o Catholic or Jewish o Not well educated o Came from rural areas  Every American wanted restrictions  Rural Americans were afraid American values were at stake ▯ National Origins Act of 1924  Set quotas for ethnic groups  Went to 1890 census and based quotas country’s immigrants  Limitations stayed in effect until 1960s ▯ A. Mitchell Palmer  Attorney general of US  1919 – his house was bombed by unkown o thought to be anarchists  people thought that anarchists and communists were going to take over rdconcern that radicals were mixed in with immigrants ▯ 3 International  call for international soviet republic ▯ KKK  Had been destroyed after Civil War  By 1920s- rose up because of black success and immigrants  William Joseph Simmons o Revived KK 1920s o Claimed to be real Americans o White robes and peaked hats used  Over 5 million members  Spread across US  Biggest clans in IN and IL  Aimed at everone o Anti- catholic, Jewish, black, immigrants o Anyone not protestant whites  Woodrow Wilson took a hit  Emphasized whit woman’s protection  DC Stephenson o Kidnapped and raped his secretary o Led to fall of KKK ▯ Biggest causes of divide between rural and urban life  Prohibition  Evolution Prohibition  To maintain status quo o Immigrants used alcohol differently than Americans  Will Rogers o Humorous observer of American culture; comedian o “Mississippi would vote dry as long as they can stagger to the polls”  Rural Americans wanted dry  Urban americans wanted wet  18 Amendment in 1918 (repealed 1933 by FDR)  Doctor Prescription for alcohol ▯ Al Capone  Mob figure  Ran illegal booze business  Made about $60 million a year  Sent to Alcatraz ▯ Evolution  Charles Darwin  A lot of people accepted his theories  Many rejected it (religious people)  Southerners especially o Passed laws to keep evolution from being taught in schools (creationism was taught)  John T. Scope o Bio teacher in TN o Taught evolution in his class o The “monkey trial” o Defense lawyer- Clarence Darrow o Prosecutor- William Jennings Bryan o Trial attracted world wide attention o Found guilty- didn’t make it supreme Court o Emphasized the gap between those who wanted change and those who didn’t ▯ Margaret Sanger  Founder of Planned Parenthood  Advocated birth control  Thought poor should be sterilized to control poverty ▯ Black Migration  Left the south looking to better their lives  Flocked to northern cities  “Harlem Renaissance” o the great Jazz Age  Bob Colest J. Rosmond Johnson  1 black producers o Ella Fitzgerald and Billy Holiday  NAACP took off in 20s o WEB Dubois Warren G. Harding (R)  1 President in 1920s  big business came back o very powerful in government  corrupt administration o very easily swayed o let friends benefit from government contracts  refused to answer questions o spoke only from scripts  had mistresses o Nan Britton ▯ Teapot Dome Scandal  Federally owned land in Wyoming  Oil discovered in Wyoming o Government set it aside as oil reserve  Edwin Denby- Sec. of navy o In charge of oil reserves  Albert Fall- secretary of interior o Took over oil reserves o Sold under the table o Forced to resign o Sent to jail- first time for a cabinet member to be sent to jail ▯ Budget and accounting act 1921  US had structure to keep track of budget; money coming in and out  Only good thing from Harding  Created Bureau of budget  Ensure tax money was appropriated appropriately  Described how to create federal budget annually  H of Reps controls money ▯ Harding died from heart attack 1923 ▯ Calvin Coolidge (Vp) took over  From Vermont  Modest, quiet “silent cal”  Won re-election in 1924  Honest  Didn’t run again in 1928  Best president of 1920s  Son died from infection ▯ Dorothy Parker  Wit, poet  “boys don’t make passes at girls who wear glasses” ▯ Election of 1928  Al Smith (D) o Roman immigrant parents; Catholic o Wet (against prohibition) o Everything rural Americans hated  Herbert Hoover (R) o Iowa o Engineer, humanitarian o Protestant o In favor of prohibition  Loved by rural americans o Broke solid south o Took blame for depression  Had been 10 years in the making in reality Agricultural depression  1919  expansion of automobile industry o fort model T o 7% of workers worked for industry o satellite industries  people that make parts o Created jobs  Demand for new roads  Hotels  Restaurants  Gas stations  Jobs= purchasing power  Housing industry o People wanted to buy their own homes o Construction- satellite jobes ▯ New stuff!  Washing machine  Electric stove  Electric stove  Electric refridgerators  Hot water heater  Vacuum cleaner  Movies “talkies”  Radios in homes  Mass advertising drove this o Everyone had to have the “latest”  Installment buying o Could buy on credit o By end of decade $7 owed by consumers ▯ Efficiency of Production  Assembly line o Increased with electricity o Productivity up 32%  Mass consumption society o Based on purchasing power ▯ Causes of Depression  Poor distribution of Income o Trickle down theory didn’t work properly o Too much money staying at upper levels of business o Money put into stock market rather than re-investing in industry o Hoover and Mellon blamed o Taxes doubled on wealthy o Purchasing power didn’t keep up with production  Disguised by installment buying o Supreme court struck down min wage and max work hour o Causes decline in auto and hosing industry o 1920s- merger mania  thousands put out of work  due to weakness in corporate structure o defects in banking system  no separation between commercial bank and investment bank  bankers took millions from depositors and invested in stock markets  1926 >1,000 banks failed  Agricultural depression o Prices went down- decrease in demand o Farmers increased production  Drove prices further down o Imbalance of Foreign trade  Trade barriers wne tup  US passed high tarrifs in attempt to protect our industries  Other countries made their own tariffs in retaliation  No one was making any money ▯ The Crash “Black Tuesday”  Rise of value of stock market based on speculation- not ▯ Pooling  Waiting for others to buy  Selling stock with huge profit  Illegal now ▯ Over 4,000 banks failed  Over 100,000 businesses were broke  Unemployment went from 3 million to 15 million  National income went from 81 billion to 49 billion ▯ Herbert Hoover’s Efforts  “hooverflags” – empty pockets  “hoovervilles” – shanty towns  advisors initially told him the problem would fix itself  hoover believed government should try to help o asked unions to stop with purchasing power o Agriculture Marketing Act 1929  Government bought surplus grain o Emergencey Relief and Reconstruction Act  Public services created jobs  Hoover Dam  Stimulated jobs o Reconstruction Finance Corporation  To help save banks  He spent billions of government money but couldn’t help the economy ▯ Bonus Army  WWI vets had been promised a bonus in 1945  20,000 vets congregated in DC and demanded their bonus NOW  Walter W. Waters- leader o Appeal to Congress for their bonuses  Army came to disperse the vets o Douglas MacArthur Directed Removal  Thought vets were going to overthrow gov’t o w/ palton and Eisenhower o vets injured, a few were killed o media spread images all over USA ▯ ▯ ▯