In Exercises 6970, use transformations off(x) = 1 x or

Sherman Paul Turner Hist. 1323 Exam 1 Study Guide  Reconstruction Period ­ Time period following Emancipation Proclamation and Civil War ­ Attempt to reunite the union by bringing the north and south together  Three Keys of Legislation Passed for slaves rights as citizens: ­ 13 Amendment (1865) th ­ 14thAmendment (1866) ­ 15 Amendment (1870) th  What was granted in the 13 Amendment ­ Abolished Slavery in the United States ­ Allowed slavery if you were in jail due to crime or punishment (little fact not known by many)  What was granted in the 14 Amendment ­ States that if you were born in the U.S. you are a citizen ­ Overturned Dred Scott Case ­ If you are a citizen you are entitled to protection under the law th  What was granted in the 15 Amendment ­ Allowed African American men the right to vote  Failure of Reconstruction ­ Election of 1876 (Democratic Candidate Samuel Tildan; Republican Candidate Rutherford B. Hayes ­ Hayes wins Electoral vote while Tilden wins popular vote ­ Hayes becomes president; Democrats feel their candidate should have won ­ To ease tensions with Democrats the Republicans remove federal troops that were protecting newly freed African Americans ­This removal allowed Democrats to return to terrorizing blacks and the start of KKK, lynching, and mobbing  “Redeemer Governments” ­ Nicknames given to white supremacist groups who reined terror on blacks  Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws th ­ Violation of 14 Amendment ­ Principles Established to make blacks subjects ­ Segregated Places  Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) ­ Infamous court case that challenges Jim Crow Laws ­ Ruling in favor of Jim Crow laws as they are uphold ­ As long as the facilities are equal, they can be separate ­ Separate water fountains, restaurants, and hotels  Ways White supremacist kept control of blacks ­ Literacy Test ­ Poll Tax ­ Fear of Losing Job ­ Threat of Violence ­ Grandfather Clause  The “New South” ­ Based on Industry, mostly failed ­ It exceeded in two areas: cotton textiles and tobacco (cigarettes)  What contributed to the failure of the New South - South didn’t have workforce with technological abilities - South didn’t spend money for education - South get involved with economic industry later than North - Agriculture was only source of labor  Tenancy - Renting land in hopes of buying later on  Key Crops - Tobacco - Rice - Cotton - Sugar  Sharecropping - Common form of tenancy that exploited farmers - Process where farmers work on land growing crops, however they only receive 1/3 of profits. The other 2/3 went to owner of land - Left farmers living paycheck to paycheck or debt  Debt Peonage - Paying off a debt by working when you don’t have the funds  Segregation and a Racial Caste System - Segregation separates people by race - Segregated water fountains, movie theatres, amusement parks - African Americans, similar to Native Americans were at the bottom  Exodusters - Groups of blacks who fled the south to Kansas in search of justice and equal opportunity  Discovery of Gold/Westward Expansion/ Manifest Destiny - Led to Manifest Destiny - Caused settlers to flee west in search of gold and land - Discovery of Gold led to putting Native Americans on reservations  Native American and Europeans American conflicting attitudes towards land use - Native Americans believed you should live on the land, not fence it in - Europeans believed you fence in the land and develop homestead units - Native Americans believe in communal nations (sharing) - Europeans believed in private property  The significance of the buffalo to Native Americans - Sacred Animal - Relied on the buffalo for food and clothing - Supplied bones for tools, fat for cosmetics, and sinews for thread - Western Settlers killed millions of buffaloes to undermine Native Americans  Communalism - Native Americans believe in communal nations (sharing) - You don’t own the property, but you share it  Egalitarianism - Equal distribution of power - Equality in society - Minimal gap between poor and rich  Pantheism - Nature is in spirit - Shouldn’t destroy nature, but live with it  Groups of Plains Indians West of the Mississippi - Cheyenne - Apache - Nez Perce - Comanche - Sioux  Policy of Concentration 1851 - Policy in favor of settlers that pushed Native Americans from ancestral lands on to reservations - Allowed settlers to go west in pursuit of uncharted territory and gold  Reservations - Land that was permitted for Native Americans to live on - Each time settlers wanted to claim land the Native Americans were on they were forced to relocate  The Homestead Act 1862 - Land grant for Europeans to move westward to uncharted territory - Key to Manifest Destiny - Key to Westward Expansion - In order to get people to move west, they sold land cheap or gave it away  Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad 1869 - Disrupted migratory pattern of buffaloes, helped kill of Natives - Key to completion of Manifest Destiny  Battle of Little Big Horn/ Custer’s Last Stand - Rare victory for Native Americans - General Custer gets anxious and greedy and attacks an Indian reservation a day early - Group of Indian Warriors are waiting and kill Custer and 250 soldiers  San Creek Massacre 1860 - Massacre of Cheyenne people; one of earliest battles - Leads to First Sioux War (1868  First Sioux War - First time Native Americans team up together and fight against United States - Although together, Natives are defeated leading to Treaty of Fort Laramie  Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 - Established 2 reservations for Native Americans - Reservation in Oklahoma and the Dakotas  Factors that led to end of Native Americans - Spread of Liquor - Diseases - War with Europeans - Killing of Buffaloes - Gold Mines  Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce - Attempted to free injustice by fleeing to Canada with a group of Nez Perce Indians - Many Indians starved to death in the attempt - Caught by U.S. troops and placed in reservations  Wounded Knee Massacre - Europeans open fire and kill 146 Native Americans - Ended Native Americans resistance against Europeans.  The Ghost Dance - Spiritual dance performed by the Native Americans in hopes of good luck - Done also to wish the return of the buffalo killed of by Europeans - Led to the Wounded Knee Massacre  Dawes Severalty Act 1887 - Laws put in place to assimilate Native Americans - Wanted them to be more Americanized with farming - Confined them to homestead units - Separated kids from families and sent them to boarding schools - Failed because Indians were not used to this and couldn’t conform Chapter 19 Capitalism - Private owners instead of government own trade and industry Industrial Capitalism - Private individuals own factors of production - Owners making a profit own stores, goods, and other businesses Laissez Faire Capitalism - When government doesn’t limit economy, businesses, and capitalism - Many of government worked for the corporations Factors of Production - Used to produce something (i.e., Materials needed to make a T- Shirt) - Economies are determined by who controls this  Three types of Resources in economy - Natural Resources (Tobacco) - Human Resources (Labor) - Capital Resources (Money, Machines) Key Natural Resources - Iron and Steel Bessemer Process - Converts large quantities of iron into steel - Steel lighter than iron, could support more and lasted longer Patents - Legal documents giving to the owner of a product - Allowed them right to sell, make and use product Light Bulb, “invention factory”, electric companies - All produced by Thomas Edison - Invention Factory in Menlo Park Railroads - Crisscrossed the country - Reinvented time - Moved people, freight - First big industry after Civil War - Completed Manifest Destiny - Spread Communication - Stimulated Economic Growth Steam Powered Ships - Behind Railroads, was most important mode of transportation - Carry passengers and freight across the ocean Telegraph/Telephone - Both beneficial to Railroads - Telephone created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 - Provided long-distance communication - Telephone was most valuable invention created Morse Code - Form of transportation using dots and dashes - Samuel Morse - Made communication instantaneous Corporations - Made 2/3 of all manufactured products in the U.S - More beneficial than traditional ownership because of shares - Also corporations could continue after the death of the founder Rural to urban migrations in the U.S. - Caused by Industrial Period - Influenced by the takeover of the railroad industry - Transformation from the farm to the cities with factories and shops Immigration to US from other parts of the world - Came to U.S. to work in the many shops, factories and mills - Immigrants from Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Middle East - Between 1870 and 1914 over 22 million immigrants came from Europe Horizontal Integration - Business move that tries to stifle competition - Attempt at monopoly - Combines more than one firm together at the same level into a single firm - Example would be two phone companies joining together such as AT&T and T-Mobile  Vertical Integration - One company gains control of more than one stage of a business - Example would be having a T-shirt and taking over the business that has the labor, cotton, and machines Carnegie - Andrew Carnegie - Monopoly of steel - Took a risk by jumping in during a depression while steel was cheap - Expanded horizontally by purchasing other steel companies - Expanded vertically by buying up supplies, equipment, and sales - After 1900 net worth was 40 million Rockefeller - John D. Rockefeller - Did what Carnegie did in steel, but in oil - Bought out other refineries which expanded horizontally - Monopoly of oil by fair and under the table illegal ways J.P. Morgan - J. Pierpont Morgan - Bought out Carnegie for 400 million and his eight largest competitors - Formed the United States Steel Company, first billion Dollar Corporation “Titans of Industry v Robber Barons” - Titans of Industry are known as positive people who helped build up country - Andrew Carnegie and his principle of Social Gospel allows him to be a Titan Of Industry - Robber Barons is a negative connotation - Robber Barons undermine businesses and used sneaky tactics to get to the top - Robber Barons like Rockefeller spied on other companies and created phony companies so he could cut prices Social Gospel/Philanthropy - Principle developed by Andrew Carnegie - Being rich is no problem, but the rich should give back to society - The rich should give money to the poor and other charities - No individual should die rich Monopolies/Trust - Monopolies occurred with Carnegie, Rockefeller, and J. P. Morgan - Monopolies occur when one individual or company owns more than 60 % of an industry - Trust is a when owners of shares in a business turn over their shares to a board with power to control those businesses for the benefit of the trust - Trust allowed companies to get around monopoly laws Social Darwinism - Principle suggested by Charles Darwin - Survival of the fittest theory, but with economy - The rich are meant to rule the poor; the poor are going to always be poor Progressivism - Era of Progressivism 1890-1920 - Presidents Teddy Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson - Attempted to eliminate corruption in government - Reform of laws based on railroads and businesses amongst others - Supported by many of the middle class and lawyers Socialism - In a socialist economy things are owned by the government not privately owned The Nature of Industrial work -No compensation or benefits - Dangerous, cramped - Sweatshops - Relentless, on going - Worked six days a week, 10 hours a day - Many worked at ages as young as eight and nine Unionization - Formed by workers in hopes of controlling industrialization - Started before the Civil War with craft workers and cigar makers - This led to formation of National Labor Union, which had 60,000 members by 1860 Collective Bargaining Higher Wages/ Shorter Hours/ Safer Working Conditions/ Some Benefits - What unions were fighting for - What led to the many strikes, boycotts, and walkouts Strikes, boycotts, mob violence - What unions tried to do to get control of corporations The Great Upheaval - Series of strikes, boycotts, and rallies The Haymaker Square Riot - One of the most infamous strikes in the Great Upheaval - One officer and was killed after a bomb went off The Pullman Strike - George Pullman fired many workers without letting them know why - Workers constructed a deal with American Railway Union to boycott any train that used Pullman cars Blacklists - Way employers were able to control unions - Circulated around with names of people who were in unions Lockouts - Kept protesting workers from getting jobs - Employers had spies that infiltrated unions Yellow-dog contracts - Example of employers having control over unions and workers - Forced workers to refuse unions Injunction - Court order that banned individuals from strikes