Visualizing Concepts
A thin glass tube 1 m long is filled with Ar gas at 1 atm, and the ends are stoppered with cotton plugs:
HCl gas is introduced at one end of the tube, and simultaneously NH3 gas is introduced at the other end. When the two gases diffuse through the cotton plugs down the tube and meet, a white ring appears due to the formation of NH4Cl(s). At which location—a, b, or c—do you expect the ring to form? [Section]
CH 111 Notes: Week 12 Chapter 8: Chemical Bonds Electronegativity: (EN) the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself when in a covalent situation o EN increases as you move up a group due to the growing size of the atom Larger atoms are less electronegative and smaller atoms are more electronegative o EN increases as you move left to right due to the growing effective nuclear charge Ionic Bonds: (metal and nonmetal) the attraction between a cation and an anion o Electrons are transferred, not shared o ∆EN ≥ 2 o Ex. Na Cl → Na + Cl EN = 0.9 3.0 ∆EN = 3.0 – 0.9 = 2.1 Covalent Bonds: (nonmetals) the sharing of electr
