Plot the following data first as boiling point versus polarizability, and then as boiling point versus molecular mass. What conclusions can you draw from these plots?
Mulliken electronegativity The Mulliken electronegativity is the average of a species’ionization energy and electron affinity – it is easy to determine from measured or tabulated values Orbital energies Note separation between s and p orbitals increases on going across a row Promotion energies ▯ Many atoms form more bonds than they have unpaired electrons in their 2 2 2 ground states – for example, carbon has a 1s 2s 2p config. but is forms 4 covalent Promotion energies increase on going down the B and C groups Relativistic effects Relativistic effects can be important for heavy elements ▯ – electrons in s orbitals spend some time very close to n
