Now lets move on to factorizations that may | Ch 6.5 - 51

 1965: Turning Point o Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965  Hart-Celler Act  Abolished earlier quota system based on national origin and established new policy based on reuniting immigrant families  During 1960s, flip in century of immigrants and changed to immigrants from Latin America and Asia  A lot of these immigrants are children o Majority of these children are second generation (born in US, living with immigrant/undocumented parents)  Incline of children with unauthorized, immigrant parents  Undocumented immigrants going to smaller cities like Georgia and North Carolina  Story of Immigrant Families o Varies by region, ethnicity, national origin, family o Socioeconomic circumstances, generation, and citizenship  Immigrant Children o 25% of all children are immigrants  21% are first generation  4% are second generation  Poverty o More likely to be poor than nonimmigrant children  Children with immigrant parents o Less likely to be enrolled in pre-k o Less likely to graduate high school  Why do immigrant children face such disadvantages o Changes in experience of immigrants o Most assimilate into poor, urban communities  Manufacturing jobs occupied by earlier generations of immigrants are far fewer  Low levels of education or education devalued Children of Undocumented Parents  Far greater hardships o Parents lack access to many social safety net programs (Welfare, SNAP, Medicaid) o And other rights (driver's license, education) o Illegal immigrants NOT granted in-state tuition  Little access to good paying jobs Deportation  Increased from around 190,000 deportations in 2001 to close to 400,000 per year in 2011  In 2013, about 72,000 with U.S. born children were deported Transnational Families  Families with members living in different nation states  Aren't new, have been there since the Mayflower  What has changed Who migrates to/from which countries "Divided by Borders" (Reading)  Derby conducted 142 formal interviews with migrant parents, children, and caregivers  Longitudinal interview with members of a group of 12 families over 4 years  Ethnographic work in the mixteca of Mexico and central New Jersey Leave their Children Behind...  Dangerous to cross the border  Intended to make money and send it back home to children  Life in the U.S. wasn't permanent  Difficult to find jobs and ones they did find were dangerous, dirty, and unwanted, bad pay as well  They worked long hours in order to make the investment worth their while  Poor housing/low level "Migrant Paradox"  Limited economic opportunities, but better than what was offered back home  Stay longer  Negative effects on families (family relations => sad, disillusionment)  Intended expectations don't match reality Mass Incarceration --> incarcerating people in masses Rise in Incarceration  100/100,000 (in 1970) --------> 500/500,000 (today)  Rates here today are seven times higher than other countries  U.S. 25% of world's incarceration  11% of American men can expect to go to prison; 6.5% of men and women  2 million incarcerated right now in US  1 in 36 Americans either incarcerated, on probation, or parole  Increased crime Not necessarily Causes of Mass Incarceration 1. Changes in Criminal Justice Policy a. War on drugs creates a void  Access to social safety nets Are these bad effects justified Who is incarcerated  Mostly blacks then Latinos, least amount in prison => whites Is Crime Equally Distributed  Blacks and whites use drugs at equal rates  High educated => more likely to rape  Unfair stop/search policy and policing in poor neighborhoods Consequences of Policing  1 million black children currently have parents in jail  Children with parents in jail are disproportionally poor  Life chances are negatively affected  Structure/society problems need to be fixed