Fill in each blank so that the resulting | Ch 7.2 - 1

AneeqaAkhtar April12 , 2016 Chapter15: Personality  Personality:an individual’scharacteristicpatternofthinking,feeling,andacting.  Personalityisthestudyoftheindividual/howwedifferfromothers  Personalityimpliessomedegreeofconsistency ->enduring,stablequalities  Traits vsStates o Traits: relativelyconsistentcharacteristicsexhibitedindifferentsituations -> dispositional o States: temporary(mood,emotion)->situational  Phrenology:an earlyattempttoexplainpersonalitythroughmeasurementoftheskull  Davies: gaveallparticipantsthisparagraphafterapersonalitytest o Results:almostallstudentsratedthesummaryasgoodorexcellentdepictionoftheir personality o Certaintraitsare experiencedbyeveryoneatcertaintimesorincertainsituations  How horoscopesandastrologyworks  FourBigTheoriesofPersonality  Trait Theory: describethepersonalityofsomeoneyouknow o You probablyuseasmallnumberofdescriptivestatements.(dependable,caring,etc) o Traits =inclinationsortendenciesthatguidesomeone’sthoughtsandbehavior o Threeassumptions:  Traits arerelativelystableovertime  Traits arerelativelystableoversituations  Peopledifferintheamountofeachtrait theypossess o GordonAllport (1936): 18,000 dictionarytermsto describehumanbehavior->many synonyms  Factoranalysisoftraitterms(1966) o Start withpoolofpersonalityitems o Havelargenumberof peopleratethemselvesontraits o Factor analysis:statisticalprocedurethatidentifiesgroupsofitemsthatco- occur, but donot co-occurwithothergroups o The BigFive  Openness:distinguishesimaginative,creativepeople o highopenness:opentonewexperiences,creative,imaginative,intellectual, preferencefornovelty o lowopenness:preferenceforroutineandhabit,uncreative,unimaginative, unintellectual  Conscientiousness:howwecontrol,direct,andregulateourlives o Highconscientiousness:organized,neat,orderly,practicalprompt,meticulous o Low Conscientiousness:disorganized,disorderly,careless,sloppy,impractical o Quickmeasure=punctuality  Extraversion:engagementwiththeoutside(social)world o Highextraversion:talkative,assertive,forward,outspoken o Low extraversion:shy,quiet,bashful,inhibited  Agreeableness:concernwithcooperationandsocialharmony o Highagreeableness:sympathetic,kind,warm,understanding,sincere AneeqaAkhtar April12 , 2016 o Low agreeableness:unsympathetic,unkind,harsh,cruel  Neuroticism:tendencytoexperiencestrongnegativeemotions o Intenseemotionalreactions,long-lasting o Highneuroticism:moody,anxious,insecure o Low neuroticism(emotionalstability):calm,relaxed,stable o ResearchonBig Five  Generallyverystablethroughadultlife o Neuroticism,extraversion,andopennessdropslightlyaftercollege o Agreeablenessandconscientiousnessriseslightlyaftercollege o Heritability:42-57%  CulturalUniversality o McCrae: 50 culturestudy,80 collaborators  “featuresofpersonalitytraitsarecommontoallhumangroups”  Morningpeople=more conscientious  Eveningpeople=moreextraverted o PredictionsbyBigFive  Openness: o Everdatedadifferentrace o Writtenpoetryspontaneously o Keptadiary o Higherratesof depression  Extraversion” o Throwna largeparty o Fallsinlovequicker o Read< 12 booksayear  Conscientiousness: o Joband academicsuccess o Nevercheatedonatest o Lesslikelytosmoke  Neuroticism: o Everbeenintherapy o Neverprotestedinjustice  Agreeableness: o Higherpartnerrelationshipsatisfaction o Highervolunteerism o EvaluatingTraitTheory:it isableto describepersonality  Cross-culturalhumanstudiesfindgoodagreementfortheBig5modelinmany cultures  Appearto behighlycorrelatednotonlyinadulthood,butalsoinchildhoodandeven latepreschoolers  Threedimensions(extraversion,neuroticism,andagreeableness)havecross-species generality  PsychoanalyticTheory: devisedbySigmundFreud AneeqaAkhtar April12 , 2016 o Psychodynamic: tounderstandaperson,youneedtouncoverhiddenpsychological forces(dynamics) o PsychoanalyticTheory: attemptstoexplainpersonalityonthebasisofunconscious mentalforces  levelsofconsciousness:weareunawareofsomeaspectsofourmentalstates  wehaveimpulsesthatcauseusanxiety,ourpersonalitydevelopsdefense mechanismstoprotectagainstanxiety  believedpersonalitieswereafunctionof: o basicdrives(sexandaggression,mostly) o previouspsychologicaleventsandsocialization  TheUnconscious:collectionofunacceptablethoughts,wishes,desires,feelings,and memories(Freudiandefinition) o Unconsciouswieldspowerfulinfluence,oftenindisguise o Freudfounddeepermeaninginalmosteverything–theunconsciousslipping out.Example:dreams,Freudianslips(slipofthetongue)  3 ComponentsofPersonality o Personality=behaviorresultingfromconflictbetweenaggressive, pleasure- seekingdesiresandsocialrestraints o Id:unconsciouspsychicenergydrivenbybiologicalurges  PleasurePrinciple: demandsimmediategratification,doesnotcare aboutsocietalnormsand restraints  At birth,infantsareallidbut soonrealizeallurgescannotbeinstantly besatisfied o Superego:part of personalitythatrepresentsinternalizedidealsand standardsforjudgement  The“conscience”  Developsaroundage4-5  Focusesonhow oneshouldbehave  Shameand guiltwhenbreakstandards o Ego:mostlyconscious,“executive”partofpersonalitythatmediatesidvs. superegostruggle  Reality Principle: seekstogratifyidin waysacceptabletosuperego  Socio-CognitiveTheory:  HumanisticTheory: