The synthesis of ammonia gas from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas represents a classic case in which a knowledge of kinetics and equilibrium was used to make a desired chemical reaction economically feasible. Explain how each of the following conditions helps to maximize the yield of ammonia. a. running the reaction at an elevated temperature b. removing the ammonia from the reaction mixture as it forms c. using a catalyst d. running the reaction at high pressure
Intro to Sociocultural week 2 notes 1/26/16 Vocabulary: Progress vs. degeneration Darwin 1850s Spencer Morgan Tylor Lamarck Boas 1400s – 1800s Displacing people o Displaying in zoos, bringing them to Europe and teaching them European culture Measuring skulls o It was thought that higher brain capacity meant higher intelligence Studied empirically but based on incorrect assumptions Thus natives were found to be inferior to europeans o Stephen J. Gould “mismeasure of man” Redid old experiments Measure interior volume Found inconsistencies o They were taking out outliers in original experiments o Confirmation bias adjusted sample size to create results they already believed in graves excavated for experiments look at physical and behavioral material culture subsistence Lewis Henry Morgan (1860s – 1880s/90s) o Unilineal path to civilization Savagery Barbarism Civilization Spencer Social Darwinism o Survival of the fittest o Biological Spencerism o Belief that your position in society is depended on your biological superiority/inferiority Marx Capitalism benefits bourgeoisie not the proletariat o Post-capitalist society o Communist society o Workers uprise and seize control o Primitive communism o Feudalism o Capitalism o Socialism o Communism 1/28/16 notes Boas 4 fields of anthropology o Physical o Cultural o Historical (archaeology) o Linguistics Social policy o Immigration Boas discovered that traits such as skull size were not just based on genetics, but were impacted by the environment (epigenetics) Immigrants’ children had larger skulls because they had better nutrition After measuring skulls as debunked, people started the IQ test o Flawed because it measures intelligence as defined by western culture o Intelligence is what is valued culturally Boasian anthropology o Neutral, doesn’t make value judgements, tries not to be ethnocentric o Cultural relativism o Boas envisioned new way to measure human variation Cultural variation o Boas definition of culture comes from Tylor “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” Historical particularism Cultural behavior is not racially/biologically based o Ethnohistory Learn people’s language, history Margaret Mead
