The (i .j)-entry of the mput- output matrix represents the

The Holocaust (Week 7) Jewish responses in Lodz ghetto  Fight – this was hard because most of the Jews were weak, they had no weapons, and no training  Flight – hard to escape ghetto  Wait it out: wai time = ally  Hide – most successful strategy to survive Operation Reinhard  Named in honor of Reinhard Heydrich  Mid­March 1942 – 75­80% of victims of Holocaust still alive  March 1943 – 80% of victims dead  Worst year of the Holocaust in terms of sheer numbers  Pretty much destroyed Jewry  Massive offensive  Death camps established for this o Sobibor o Treblinka o Chelmno  For this operation, you need trains, RR lines, men, and food  Battle of Stalingrad going on at the same time o September 1942 – January 1943  Every train, gun, and man used for Reinhart, it took away from what they could’ve used during Stalingrad  You could only send 5,000 Jews to camps a day  Wehrmacht  SS/Kripo/Gestapo (all under Himmler’s command)  Order police/ active and reserve police  Collaborators o SS Ukraine o SS Estonia o SS Latvia o SS Lithuania  By operation Reinhart, there was a man power crisis o Men dying at Stalingrad and couldn’t kill Jews  Largest German man power 1936  Himmler gained authority of all security police  Regular police and order/ reserve police organized in battalions  500 men in order/ reserve police  2/3 men considered too old or not physically fit to be in order police  Reserve police battalion 101 – city of Hamburg, in Lublin district of Poland  Out of the 500 men, 200 were still alive post war when they were questioned by Germans  Commander: Trapp, 53 year old policeman  Was not in SS rank, not considered to be ruthless enough ______________________________________________________________________________ Operation Reinhard continued  Reserve Police Battalion 101 o From Hamburg o Age 33­48 o These men knew a world before Hitler and the Holocaust o 500 men total o They were dock, construction, and warehouse workers, waiters, office workers o Rankin file  Average age 39 o Killed more Jews than any unit in Operation Reinhard o Only 25% of men joined the Nazi party o Major Trapp  Took 300 Jews to Lublin to work, the rest were shot  Someone refused to shoot Jews and he was not punished  Trapp made an arrangement: any man that didn’t feel comfortable shooting Jews, they could step out  Out of 500 men, 12 stepped out with no punishment ______________________________________________________________________________ Auschwitz (camp experience)  Symbol of the Holocaust o 3 reasons for this:  Sheer numbers – 1/6 victims died here  Geography – The victims came from every corner of the Nazi world  Time – first death camp to continue operation and last  Were multiple Auschwitz  Merely a concentration camp in the beginning  Fall 1939  Primarily camp for Polish P.O.W.’s, Polish army, and political prisoners  It was isolated yet accepted – railroad  Hoss o Experienced Nazi o Not of high rank o The camp he rain was not important at first  General government  1940 – I.G. Farben (chemical company) o Built plant “Bunna” o Bunna works made explosives o “Cheap” o Was a deal between SS and Farben o All money goes to SS o All the workers get is enough money to live for 6 months o Winter 1941  SS officials visited Auschwitz  Ordered it to be expanded to hold 30,000 prisoners  Soviet POW’s  Auschwitz 2 – Birkenau o Hold 100,000 prisoners  Summer 1941 – thousands of Soviet POWs shipped to Auschwitz o Were so many, they changed it to 200,000 o Ended up changing it to over 300,000 POWS o Within 1 year, 95% of them died o They were starved, killed by guards, or died of neglect  Holocaust – Germans called it “the final solution”  Shootings  Gas vans  Zyklon B (used for delousing)  Auschwitz 1 – concentration camp  Auschwitz 2 (Birkenau) – death camp  Auschwitz 3 (Monowitz) – place for people who worked at Bunna works  50 satellite camps  Selection: distribution to Auschwitz 2 or 3, or satellite camp (for Jews)  Children under 12, pregnant women, elderly, and mothers sent to Birkenau – most died within a day/week  Canada  Hair of women shaved off and spun for industrial use o Socks, scarves, sweaters for troops  Gold teeth taken after gassing  Those registered for work got a tattoo number  Twins and pregnant women didn’t get gas. They got experimented on.  Kapo  80­95% of people in Auschwitz were Jews o Were treated more harshly  Rest were Pols or Gypsies o They got to receive letters and packages. Jews did not  For every Jew to escape – 10 more were killed  Some Jews committed suicide by running into electric fence