NAVIGATION A privately owned yacht leaves a dock in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and heads toward Freeport in the Bahamas at a bearing of S E. The yacht averages a speed of 20 knots over the 428 nautical-mile trip. (a) How long will it take the yacht to make the trip? (b) How far east and south is the yacht after 12 hours? (c) If a plane leaves Myrtle Beach to fly to Freeport, what bearing should be taken?
Lecturegivenon3/22/16 Antibodies–Y-shaped,twoaminoacidsjoinedbydisulfatebonds;thereisaconstant regionandavariableregion • Constantregionisthesameforeveryantibodyproduced • Variableregionisdifferentbasedondifferentgenes • Antibodiespromoteantigeneliminationthrough: o Neutralization-bindingtosurfaceproteinsonavirusorbacteriumand blockingitsabilitytoinfect o Agglutination–usingbothbondingsitesofanantibodytojoininvading cellstogetherinaclump o Precipation–linkdissolvedantigenmoleculestogether o Activationofcomplementsystem Cell-mediatedimmunity–anadaptiveresponseproducedbyT-cells,respondsto pathogensthathavealreadyenteredintothebodycells • KindsofTcells: o CytotoxicTcells o HelperTcells o MemoryTcells • Cell-mediatedresponseisproducedbycytotoxicTcells,battlepathogensthat enterbodycells • HelperTcellstriggerbothcell-mediatedandhumoralresponse,signalsfromthe helpercellsinitiateproductionofantibodies • TworequirementsmustbemetforahelperTcelltoactivateadaptiveresponse: o Foreignmoleculemustbepresentthatcanbindspecificallytoanantigen receptor o Antigenmustbedisplayedonsurfaceofantigen-presentingcell;includes macrophagesandBcells • Macrophagesingestforeignparticlesandbreakthemdown,andthenself proteinsbindtothenon-selfmolecules;theseselfproteinsdisplaythenon-self onthecellsurface • HelperTcellsrecognizeandbindtotheselfandnon-selfcombination–calleda self-nonselfcomplex • ActivatedhelperTcellspromoteimmuneresponsethroughsecretingproteins o StimulateclonalselectionofhelperTcellswhichproducesmemoryand effectorhelperTcells o ActivateBcellsandstimulatetheimmuneresponse o StimulatetheactivityofcytotoxicTcells CytotoxicTcells–theonlyTcellsthatkillinfectedcellsoncetheyareactivated • Clonalselectionoccursandtheeffectorcytotoxiccellsidentifyinfectedcells throughaself-nonselfcomplex • KillerTcellsbindtotheinfectedcell,whichactivatesittosynthesizetoxic proteinslikeperferin–thismakesholesintheinfectedcell’smembranewhich causeslysesordeath Chapter43:ReproductionandEmbryonicDevelopment Lecturegiven3/24/16 *mustunderstandthestructuresofthemaleandfemalereproductiveanatomy ModesofReproduction: • Asexualreproduction o Creationofgeneticallyidenticaloffspringbyoneparent o Rapidformofreproduction o Lessgeneticdiversitycomparedtosexualreproduction o Canoccurvia 1. budding–newindividualsformonadult;canstaythereorbreak off 2. fission–parentanimalbreaksintwopieces 3. fragmentation-piecesofanimalsbreakofftoformnewanimals o Parthenogenesis–formofasexualreproduction,stimulatesaneggto divide(usuallytriggeredbysperm)andproducethenextindividual • Sexualreproduction o Joiningofgametes–eggsandsperm o Someanimalsusebothmodesofreproduction o Hermaphroditism–individualhasbothmaleandfemalereproduction systems;makesiteasiertofindamate,butcanstillexchangegametes withotherindividuals o Twotypes: 1. Externalfertilization–wheneggsandspermaredischargednear eachothersimultaneously;fishandamphibians 2. Internalfertilization–spermisdepositedinthefemale reproductivetractinvariousways;mostterrestrialspecies HumanReproduction • Bothspeciesmusthaveasetofgonads,ductsforgametetransport,and structuresforcopulation
