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Test 1 Guide ● Russia was renamed to the USSR 1922 ● Russia was made up o15 republics ● The Russian republic took​ of the Soviet Union ● The hammer and sickle on the soviet flag sythe union between the working class and the peasants under the communist union ● The five pointed star on the communist flag symbo​nity of all the people on all five continents of the world under communism ● Perestroika economic reforms ● Glasnost:openness ● Estonia, Latvia, and Lithua​ere the first three Soviet republics to break away from the USSR ● The collapse of communism and end of the Soviet Union occ​991 ​ith Gorbachev’s resign ● Latvia, Estonia, and Lithua​ere the three Soviet republics that never joined the CIS.Georgia eft in 2008, a​kraineeft in 2014 ● 10 republics currently make up the CIS ● Russia, Ukraine, and Belar​sere the original three members of the CIS ● The Russian Federationis considered the successor of the Soviet Union ● Near Abroad include all 14 former repu​ar Abroad ncludes all other countries of the world ● Moscow​ is the capital city of the Russian Federation ● Causes of low standard of living for Soviets in the late 1970’s ­high military budget/spending ­police state/terror ● The BRICS countries incluBrazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa ● Military SuperpowerA country who can launch a nuclear attack and have enough missiles for a second strike ● The first step in the Soviet Union rising to military superpoStalingrad was ​ ● The Soviet Union achieved military superpower s​972 ​hen SALT Iwas signed ● Basket I of the Helsinki Acincluded the US officially accepting the countries of eastern Europe as part of the communist worBasket Iincluded the Soviet Union’s promise to respect human rights of its citizens in their own country. ● Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romawere the Soviet Union’s former “satellite” countries of eastern Europe ● Global Power:A country that can intervene on its own in any part of the world ● Bipolar World​wo superpowers ● Unipolar World:one superpower ● Multipolar Worldmany dominant nations ● Declared nuclear statUS, USSR, Great Britain, France, China, North Korea, India, and Pakistan ● Undeclared nuclear stasrael ● Flexible Response:NATO would go nuclear on the battlefield if the Soviets ever invaded a (western) European country (nuclear weapons were a deterrent) ● Inadvertent Escalationwar begins with conventional forces and escalates to nuclear war ● Marxism is the official name of Soviet ideology ● Comintern was organized in 1919 by Lenin to remain in power and preserve communism. Comintern offered support through labor unions to any communist leaders in major countries, through any means, legal or not ● Russia changed its foreign policy toward the US (peaceful coexi​revent to p nuclear war and make the Soviet Union economically stronger ● Russia’snvasion of Afghanistan​as a major factor in ending Detente between the US and USSR in 1979 ● Warm Peace ​was the Bush foreign policy toward the Soviet UnioCold Peace was Reagan’s foreign policy toward the Soviet Union ● The Cold War officially ende​991 when Gorbachev resigned, ending communism and the Soviet Union. The signing of the treaty Meeting of Maltais also considered the end of the Cold War. ● The Soviet Union viewed Detente​aquality with the US, an opportunity for arms negotiations, and trade opportunities ● The US believed that Detente wo​top the USSR from spreading communism ● North Korea, China, Cuba, Vietnam, and Laoare currently the only remaining communist countries ● Bourgeoisie:Those with a university education (nurses, teachers, engineers, etc.) ● ProletariatThose without a university education (electricians, carpenters, etc.) ● Brezhnev Doctrine:Once a country became communist, it remained communist forever. Russia had an obligation to save communist governments in danger of falling. This wasfirsused to justify the invasCzechoslovakia. ● Reagan Doctrine:If there is any group of rebels living in a communist country, and they want to overthrow their government to make it non­communist, the US will help them. This was primarily used​icaragua and Afghanistan ● The OPPOSITE of the Reagan Doctrine, is National Liberation Movement