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Monday, March 14, 2016 Recap  Theories of gestures and relation to communication  Gestures and infancy: pre-language o Diectic (indexical) o Iconic o Symbolic Gesturing and Leaning a Language  Practice ideas, make mistakes produces a learning environment  Amount of variation in gesturing at 14 months mild indicator at vocabulary breadth at 42 months o Now always, however  Generally: parents who gesture more have children who gesture more, who in turn tend to have larger vocabularies later in life. Gesturing and Language Creation  Sign language resembles spoken language because it has segmented, combinatorial forms (their view of language)  However, sign languages do not entirely depend on syntax of spoken language o American vs. British Sign Language  Syntax, morphology, cultural idiosyncrasies o Contrary to popular opinion, SL largely not iconic in its relationalities. Emergent Sign Systems  90% of deaf children born to hearing parents who don’t know a sign language  Homesigns: signs constructed more ad hoc and contextually that, over time, begin to form its own syntax and morphology. Emergent Sign Systems: NSL  In the late 1970’s and early 80’s deaf Nicaraguans began to organize independent outreach programs  No one had sign language: each had their own colloquial system of gestures/signs  Nicaraguan Sign Language grew out of a heterogeneous and dispersed group of people to form a new and emerging speech community. o Homesigns carried over to produce a completely new Sign Language that was officially adopted by the state o Still changing to this day Gesturing and Hearing Adults  Multilingual group study: o English, Spanish, CHINESE, Turkish SPEAKERS o Could not use speech, had to use gestural signs. o Could express simplistic ideas, not abstract ones o Curiously: SOV word order emerged even if underlying language is not! Gestures and the Deaf  Deaf signers do gesture when they use sign language  Deaf children produce as many gestures as hearing children  Deaf children who gestured more frequently tended to succeed better at instructional tasks than those who gesture rarely. Corbalis and Gesture  Gesturing was the foundation of speech  Looks at evolutionary biology to determine how and when speech/language came about. Mirror Neurons  Giacomo Rizzolatti et al. studied neural activity in the brains of monkeys.  Specific brain area activates neurons when the monkey intentionally grasps for something  ALSO activate when the monkey see another doing the same movement “mirror”  The are in the monkeys’ brains corresponds to the location in the human brain called the Broca’s Area major language center of brain  In both monkeys and humans, this area simultaneously sends signals to certain motor functions when gesturing or speaking o Impossible to speak without gesturing, it is instinctual  We perceive speech not through acoustics but through how we ourselves would do it. Evolutionary History  Early human gesturing heavily reliant on facial gestures evolution of facial bones provided better muscle control over facial articulation  Vocal tract changed when hominin species began to walk fully upright allowed greater variation in sound production  Extra muscles surrounding lungs gave more power to producing sounds. Gestures are pre-language for Corbalis Genetics History – FOXP2  Needed for normal speech production in humans o Found in most animals songbird testing  Genetic studies believe the gene mutated specially for human between 38-45 kya  Breeding with Neanderthal also have us a more microcephalingene regulating brain size (bigger) Corbalis Answers, “Why”  Utilitarian thing o Spatial Reach o Freeing the hands o Diversity and the “Language Fortress” Wednesday, March 16, 2016 Myths of Sign Language  Sign languages are universal o Like spoken languages, depends on numerous factors that explain variation  Sign languages are same language as one that is spoken “just done with the hands” o Small grammatical relationships to spoken languages i. Word order (SVO, SOV, etc.)  Changes occur via other sign languages, not other spoken languages. Sign Language and Written Language  Written language enters sign language through iconicity”fingerspelling”.  No universal fingerspelling alphabets o E.g. USA and Europe use one-handed fingerspelling  UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand use a two-handed approach Sign Language and d/Deaf Socialization  Three major levels of social scale that are NOT mutually exclusive: o Deaf community: largest scaleanyone who is interested in deaf issues. o Deaf culture: deaf and hearing peoples who follow semi- conventional rules of behavior o d/Deaf ethnicity: birthright important; can be deaf or born into a deaf family  Lower case “deaf” vs uppercase “Deaf” one of ethnic social ties.  Binary opposition of deaf/hearing in USA not universal either multiple variations.  Variation arises from: geography, race, gender, ethnicity o Sign for “birthday” different even in the USA depending on region! o In Ireland, elderly deaf signers educated in gendered classroom settingsproduced gendered variation of Irish Sign Language Sign Language and d/Deaf Socialization, final  Sign language, just like spoken language, is a practiced phenomenon that gives a certain model of reality to its user and at the same time socializes a person in a particular way Language in the 21st Century Pre-Internet history  16 Century EuropeRenaissance o Systematic classification & mathematics  Imperialism o Bacon “knowledge is power” o Word collection(s) o Need to archive and understand Renaissance  Three main innovations from Renaissance: o Library o Index o Article/Encyclopedia Library, Encyclopedia, Knowledge  Library initially good, but spatially exclusive  French philosophers recognized problemcrated encyclopedia  Encyclopedia: o Massive but no complete o Slowly updated. Index Cards  Paul Otlet – late 19 C  Created pre-Dewey Decimal System  Created archival sciences Derrida & “Archive Fever”  The “compulsive, repetitive, and nostalgic desire for the archive, an irrepressible desire to return to the origin, a homesickness, a nostalgia for return to the most archaic place of absolute commencement”  Freudian psychology – “death drive”  Dual opposition of archive theory vs. archive practice o What is sough tot do versus what it actually did. Friday, March 18, 2016 Poe’s Theory of the Internet  Altered social practices and the cultures in which it is embedded  Produced a distinct “internet” culture of its own  Aspects of Experience What “Pulled the Internet  Who/what pulled the internet into this current practiced  3 Major Forces of Pull: o Industrial capitalism o The State o Cultural shifts (post 60’s) Industrial Capitalism  Productivity decreased with larger bureaucracy  R&D technology development protected by intellectual property rightsmoney!  PCs primary pulling device of companies The State  Welfare State o Keeping tack of millions  State surveillance o Govt. already pit in millions, might as well fully use it Post 60’s Culture  Mass expression of individualism  The “good life” shouLd be pursuit of personal happiness  Pornography explosion, desire to express feelings (blogs, Friendster, MySpace, IM) Human Nature () & the Internet  Poe believes “people were ready” for the Internet to emerge as it is today  Anomalies and Puzzle-Solving  “A book takes out on a trip from here to there; the Internet takes you on a trip from here to God-knows-where” Internet Culture  It will: o Spread further and wider o Be used for pleasure o Link the past with the present through language o Create social groups and communities o Save everything, making is both knowledgeable yet also vulnerable. Social Networking Sites (SNS) – Culture & Language  Anthropology and SNS in general: o Tension in anthropology over discussion of internet and its effects o Traditionally linked with small-scale societies: global reach o SNS challenges old dichotomies: neighborhood vs. network, family vs peers, public vs. private o Miller: internet now a new form of social networking but an unconscious attempt to return to old forms of social construction. Past SNS Studies  Popularity of sites like Facebook were not “inevitable” but a reflection of desiring similarity yet uniqueness.  People have begun compiling their lives archive fever; self- aggrandizement of the individual  Most studies have yet to prove or disprove the importance of SNS. Comparative Anthropology of SNS  Cultural relativism: o Cultures may change but also localize global processes and institutions o East Adian SNS:  CyWorld in S. Korea organized to reflect Korean custom of viewing kin relations in center/periphery relations.  Aesthetically of these SNS made to look “cute” distance from the coldness of technology. o Broadbent: “attention” protocols: different cultures have a spectrum of acceptable linguistic action.  Philippines high immediacy of answering vs. UK  USA Tales From Facebook: Globalization  Looked at Trinidad discourse on Facebook  Trinidad culture already geared towards a practice of intense and explicit social scrutiny o They ere “ready” for Facebook  Believe the “truth” of a person is found not in the physical self, but the virtual one. o Word for “hanging out” —liming— now encompasses spending social time online o Globalization does not simply destroy culture it is more a process of change  Localized ways of speaking and doing take global social phenomena and re-cast them culturally. Trolls Just Want to Have Fun – Buckels et al.  Trolling: the practice of behaving in a deceptive, destructive, or disruptive manner in a social setting on the internet with no apparent instrumental purpose.  Dark Tetrad personality traits detected in trolling activities: o Narcissism, Machiavellianism (authoritarianism/manipulative), psychopathy, sadism.  Study: 418 participants from the US, two studies reported trolling tendencies and behavior types. Testing through Language  Participants given large questionnaires with the “key questions” scattered about o Language attributed to one of the Dark Tetrad provided index for researchers. o E.g. “I have been compared to famous people” or “It’s not wise to tell your secrets”. o Internet activities (like debating, shopping, commenting, trolling, etc.) ranked and use were also asked.  First Study: showed correlation b/w people with highest Dark Tetrad attributes and those who listed trolling as favorite internet pastime  Second Study: showed correlation b/w frequency of commenting and Dark Tetrad, especially narcissism in online debating. Discussion  Sadism was the biggest indicator of positive views of trolling and the Dark Tetrad trolls defined largely through sadistic impulses.  Trolling behaviors and practices ultimately indexed through the psychological need to harm  Among the “trolls” identified in the study, the frequency of enjoying trolling was directly linked to identity it was almost necessary for these people to practice trolling.  Technology use and anti-sociality o Anonymous aspects of the internet help antisocial people express their dark tetrad personalities