Solution: The ionization energies of sodium (in kJ/mol),

Chapter 8, Problem 8.109

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The ionization energies of sodium (in kJ/mol), starting with the first and ending with the eleventh, are 495.9, 4560, 6900, 9540, 13,400, 16,600, 20,120, 25,490, 28,930, 141,360, 170,000. Plot the log of ionization energy (y axis) versus the number of ionization (x axis); for example, log 495.9 is plotted versus 1 (labeled IE1, the first ionization energy), log 4560 is plotted versus 2 (labeled IE2, the second ionization energy), and so on. (a) Label IE1 through IE11 with the electrons in orbitals such as 1s, 2s, 2p, and 3s. (b) What can you deduce about electron shells from the breaks in the curve?

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