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Lecture – (3/9/16)  Revolution and Virtue: o Enlightenment and Republicanism o Decline and “Republican Virtue” o Commercial capitalism as threat  Seven Year’s War (1754-1763) o Republicanism and Empire o “French and Indian” War o Fighting for possession of Northeast American territory o France loses all New world holdings o Lose Louisiana to Spain o Britain is now major sea power o Taxes on colonies ratcheted hours to pay for war o Same thing happening over in France o Big contributors to American Revolution and French Revolution  American Revolution (1775-1783) o Bankrolled wars o Military advising  Taxation without representation  Closed British Elite society  Eliminate royalty and privilege  Not a social reform o No slavery resolution o Bill of rights (1789)  Republicanism: The glorious revolution, and a new form of state : A federation of states  The first true revolution  The French revolution (1789-99)  Precursors o Bankruptcy  Seven Year’s war  Support for American revolution  Taxation  Tennis court oath (June 20 1789) o Visual ID o Three estates: clergy, aristocrats, common folk o Came to see king, king refused to hear demand o Creation of “National assembly”  Didn’t want to listen to king anymore o “Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen”  Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) o Visual ID  More utopian than American o Liberty o Festival of the Supreme being  Festival that everyone can relate to regardless of religion  A social and political revolution o Erase social ranks o Reform via national assembly o Radicalization o Anti aristocracy o Violent: The terror  General Napolean Boraparte (1769-1821) o Wants to set things right o Seems benevolent and forward thinking leader o He took care of people o Declared himself emperor of the French (1804-1815) o Could be compared to Alexander the Great o Starts to act more like a tyrant once he’s emperor  Trafalgar (1805) o French and Spanish take defeat against British  1812: Moscow o Grande Armee  Of 1,000,000 only 50,000 survive  Waterloo, June 18, 1815 o Napolean suffers another defeat  Did the revolutionaries work o Yes, in reconstructing elite society o England: parliamentary partnership o France: Execution of Monarch o U.S.: Not a common man’s revolution  China:  Why did dynastic upheaval not undermine Chinese unity  Why did revolutions in the modern sense occur first in Europe  Time: o No calendar dating o Imperial Regional date  Mandate of heaven o Political revolution  White lotus rebellion o Enormous and diverse following o 1360s: out with the Mongols o 1774: out with the Manchu o Wang Lun Uprising Lecture – (3/11/16)  White Lotus Rebellion put down by Qing (and Mongols who were friends with the Qing) o Wang Lun wore clothes he wasn’t supposed to because of his class act of rebellion  1796 -1804: Another rebellion, restore the Ming  1813: Eight Trigrams  Ling Ching: Maitreya o Invasion of forbidden city o Seeking to restore the Mandate of Heaven  White lotus millenarianism o 16 Century o Buddhist, Taoist, Confucian o Personal salvation o Buddha Meitreya o White lotus movement was a religion that was a mixture of Buddhism Taoism and Confucianism  Believed in eternal mother o Mother created all things  Believed that if they listened to Meitreya they would get salvation  Apocalyptic: “Black whirlwind that blows all day and night, killing countless people and leaving mountains of bones and oceans of blood”  Teacher/Pupil: small ratio (new movement) o Imminent salvation  end coming very soon o Community for unattended  Elderly, no family  Monks without temples  Migrant laborers  Urban immigrants  Poor/poverty  All of these people were pretty much screwed by Confucian standards so the white lotus movement attracted them  Kung Fu: Any study that requires hard work and time o Important for white lotus movement  Sutra-Recitation o Strong organization o Scriptural emphasis  No mention of filial piety o Live like monk without actually being a monk o Healing  Strict vegetarians o Take 5 vows of Buddhist  (don’t lie, steal, kill, etc) o Contracts  To end rebirth cycle  Goal of Buddhism is to end rebirth cycle and achieve nirvana  Meditative (eight Trigrams) o Constructural elements that makes up Ying Yang  Heaven, wind, river, earth, thunder, fire, water, meditation  Want to learn things they can do by themselves without congregating o Martial arts  Prepare for the apocalypse  Don’t need to be vegetarians  Emphasis is more Confucian and Taoist o Not concerned with rebirth  Martial arts is very important, prepare for expected apocalypse o Associates them with criminality  Counter revolution o Manchu army unprepared fighting white lotus  Guerilla, civil war  Strategic hamlet strategy  Local gentry critical  1805: white lotus rebellion crushed ; 100,000 killed  Dynastic vs. civilization decline o Scholar-gentry and quelling rebellion o Elite continuity from Tang to Qing dynasties, 1500 years of Chinese unity, despite dynastic change and foreign invasion  Thus no rebellion  Lessons: o White Lotus Rebellion proved that the scholar gentry could just contain restlessness and revolt o But how do you mobilize local people, when they are losing land and hope o The old system could not control the Taiping rebellion  China’s strength: huge networks of family, lineage, bureaucracy  Weakness: inability to contain unprecedented population without increase in resources or revolutionary improvements in technology and productivity  Land and energy, as in the west  Civilization decline o 50 years later o 1912: Liberal republic, 1946: Marxist revolution o 1978: embrace capitalism o Yet, always Chinese  Why no modern revolution o No radical break with past o No challenges to ancient thinking o Not a utopian future, but an apocalypse