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PSY 150A1 With Prof. Lazarewicz Lecture Notes Chapter 13: Personality Psychology  Personality – a person’s consistent way of thinking, feeling, and acting o Stable qualities that don’t change too often o Different for every individual  Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis o Anna O – first patient of Freud, treated for hysteria  Limbic paralysis randomly on right side of body  Vision, hearing, & speech issues during this time  First “therapy” sessions  Freud wondered if we are anxious about things in our unconscious o Unconscious – the collection of unacceptable thoughts and desires and memories  They have a powerful influence over our thoughts/behavior o Psychoanalysis – behaviors and attitudes are due to unconscious motives and internal conflicts  Patients may put too much pressure on the conscious mind, so things get sent to the unconscious until that can no longer hold any more  Way to release the pressure of the unconscious is by accessing it  Dreams & the unconscious – manifest vs. latent content  Free association – responding to a stimulus with the first thing that comes to mind (reaction)  Slips of the tongue – “A Freudian slip” things you really want or want to say but don’t mean to out loud or in that situation o Freud always found a deeper meaning in almost anything  Ex: dreams are the royal road to the unconscious  Manifest vs. latent content o 3 components of Freudian personality  1. Id: unconscious energy  sexual & aggressive urges  Pleasure principle – demanding immediate gratification; regardless of social norms & restraints  2. Superego: internalized ideals & standards for right/wrong  The conscience  How one out to behave  3. Ego: mediator between id and superego conflicts  Mostly conscious  Reality principle – seeks to gratify id in ways acceptable to superego o Psychosexual development  Erogenous zones – focused id energy on different parts of body as we mature  Traumatic experiences  “fixation” (lingering issues into adulthood)  Oedipus complex – boy develop unconscious attraction to mother & see father as the rival  Results in guilt, fear, and punishment  Electra complex – girls feel inferior and jealous anxiety o Criticisms of Freud: PSY 150A1 With Prof. Lazarewicz  Scientific shortcomings:  Based off of case studies and not group studies with vast samples  Interpretation of only his beliefs, not research and data based  Post hoc explanations  could explain anything after the fact and could not be tested  Gender & sexual identities, dreams, etc. o Importance:  Roots of modern studies of  Implicit/unconscious processing  Self-protective defenses and reactions  Motivation by sexuality  Social well-being  Talking therapy  Trait Perspectith of Personality o Early 20 century only two options:  1. Freudian psychoanalysts (negativity)  2. Slannerian behaviorists (mechanical) o Gordon Allport – founder of the modern personality psychology  Psychoanalysis  too deep, behaviorism  not deep enough  Felt a need to describe personality  Trait – characteristic pattern of behavior, how a person feels or acts o 5-factor model (aka. The “Big Five”) (CANOE, OCEAN – acronyms)  Conscientiousness – how we regulate, structure, and control our lives  High: organized, prompt, neat, meticulous structure, proactive  Low: disorganized, sloppy, careless, disorderly, impractical, prefer less structure  Agreeableness – ability for cooperation and social harmony  High: sympathetic, avoidance of conflict, understanding, warm  Low: “harsh”, blunt, sees conflict as helpful & insightful, less sympathetic  Neuroticism – tendency to experience strong negative emotions  High: insecure, moody, anxious  Low: calm, relaxed, stable  Openness – willingness to try new experiences  High: prefer new and exciting things, creative, imaginative  Low: prefer a routine & habit, less creative & imaginative, set in their ways  Extraversion – engagement with the outside social world  High: talkative, engaging, forward, outspoken, assertive, prefers to be around people  Low: shy, quiet, prefers to be alone or with a small group of people, inhibited o Who cares about the Big Five PSY 150A1 With Prof. Lazarewicz  Universality cross-culturally  Generally, remains stable through adulthood  Neuroticism, extroversion, openness: drops slightly after college  Agreeableness & conscientiousness: rise slightly after college  Predicts other attributes  Morning people = more conscientious  Evening people = more extraverted  If one partner tends to be lower than the other in agreeableness, stability, and openness = marital & sexual dissatisfaction  High conscientious  best career outcomes PSY 150A1 With Prof. Lazarewicz Textbook Notes  Psychodynamic approaches to personality – personality is driven by unconscious and inner forces & conflicts motivate us, but we have little knowledge of these  Psychoanalytic theory – determinants of personality are from the unconscious  Fixations – concerns/conflicts that remain long after the period when they first occur  Oral stage – infants pleasure center is in the mouth  Anal stage – 12-18 MO pleasure center on the anus  Phallic stage – begins around age 3 where pleasure center on genitals  Identification – wanting to be like someone else, imitate behaviors, adapt beliefs and values  Latency period – stage between phallic and adolescence where sexual concerns are temporarily unimportant  Genital stage – puberty to death, mature sexual behaviors  Defense mechanisms – unconscious ways of protecting oneself from things that cause anxiety by distorting the reality and concealing the issue to the unconscious  Repression – primary defense mechanism, ego pushes unacceptable thoughts and behaviors to unconscious  Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts – taught Freudian theory but later rejected it  Collective unconscious – inherited set of ideas shared among all humans  Archetypes – universal symbols among people, objects, experiences, and ideas  Social cognitive approaches to personality – cognitions influence a person’s personality  Self-efficacy – can produce positive outcomes by personally mastering a situation  Self-esteem – positive and negative self-evaluations  Biological and evolutionary approaches to personality – important parts of personality are inherited  Temperament – individual’s behavioral style and characteristics  Humanistic approaches to personality – emphasizes people’s innate goodness and craving to reach high functioning abilities  Unconditional positive reward – acceptance & respect on part of the observer that they do not care what a person says or does  Psychological tests – measures behavior  Self-report measures – people self-report their own behaviors and traits  Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) – widely used as a self-report test to predict everyday behaviors  Test standardization – used to validate questions in personality by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses  Projective personality test – vague stimulus shown and participant asked to describe it or tell a story about it  Rorschach test – series of symmetrical visual stimuli and people report what the figures represent  Behavioral assessment – used to describe personality characteristic based off of a person’s behavior