The light emitted by a helium neon laser has a wavelength

A source emits monochromatic light of wavelength 495 nm in air. When the light passes through a liquid, its wavelength reduces to 434 nm. What is the liquids index of refraction? (a) 1.26 (b) 1.49 (c) 1.14 (d) 1.33 (e) 2.03

Carbon disulfide (n 5 1.63) is poured into a container made of crown glass (n 5 1.52). What is the critical angle for total internal reflection of a light ray in the liquid when it is incident on the liquid-to-glass surface? (a) 89.2 (b) 68.8 (c) 21.2 (d) 1.07 (e) 43.0

How many 800-nm photons does it take to have the same total energy as four 200-nm photons? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8 (e) 16

A light ray travels through two parallel slabs having different indices of refraction as in Figure MCQ22.4. The rays shown are only the refracted rays. Which of the following choices is true regarding the relative size of the indices of refraction? (a) n1 $ n2 (b) n1 # n2 (c) n1 5 n2 (d) n1 . n2 (e) n1 , n2

Light traveling in a medium of index of refraction n1 is incident on another medium having an index of refraction n2. Under which of the following conditions can total internal reflection occur at the interface of the two media? (a) The indices of refraction have the relation n2 . n1. (b) The indices of refraction have the relation n1 . n2. (c) Light travels slower in the second medium than in the first. (d) The angle of incidence is less than the critical angle. (e) The angle of incidence must equal the refraction angle.

Light can travel from air into water. Some possible paths for the light ray in the water are shown in Figure MCQ22.6. Which path will the light most likely follow? (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D (e) E

The index of refraction for water is about 4/3. What happens to light when it travels from air into water? (a) Its speed increases to 4c/3, and its frequency decreases. (b) Its speed decreases to 3c/4, and its wavelength decreases by a factor of 3/4. (c) Its speed decreases to 3c/4, and its wavelength increases by a factor of 4/3. (d) Its speed and frequency remain the same. (e) Its speed decreases to 3c/4, and its frequency increases.

Which color light is bent the most when entering crown glass from air at some incident angle u with respect to the normal? (a) violet (b) blue (c) green (d) yellow (e) red

A light ray containing both blue and red wavelengths is incident at an angle on a slab of glass. Which of the sketches in Figure MCQ22.9 represents the most likely outcome? (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D (e) none of these

A light ray travels from vacuum into a slab of material with index of refraction n1 with incident angle u. It subsequently passes into a second slab of material with index of refraction n2 before passing back into vacuum again. The surfaces of the different materials are all parallel to one another. As the light exits the second slab, what can be said of the final angle f that the light makes with the normal? (a) f . u (b) f , u (c) f 5 u (d) The angle depends on the magnitudes of n1 and n2. (e) The angle depends on the wavelengths of the light.

Figure CQ22.11 shows a pencil partially immersed in a cup of water. Why does the pencil appear to be bent?

Try this simple experiment on your own. Take two opaque cups, place a coin at the bottom of each cup near the edge, and fill one cup with water. Next, view the cups at some angle from the side so that the coin in water is just visible as shown on the left in Figure CQ22.12. Notice that the coin in air is not visible as shown on the right in Figure CQ22.12. Explain this observation.

A ray of light is incident on the surface of a block of clear ice at an angle of 40.0 with the normal. Part of the light is reflected, and part is refracted. Find the angle between the reflected and refracted light.

Two plane mirrors are at an angle of u1 5 50.0 with each other as in the side view shown in Figure P22.14. If a horizontal ray is incident on mirror 1, at what angle u2 does the outgoing reflected ray make with the surface of mirror 2?

The light emitted by a helium neon laser has a wavelength of 632.8 nm in air. As the light travels from air into zircon, find its (a) speed, (b) wavelength, and (c) frequency, all in the zircon.

Figure P22.16 shows a light ray traveling in a slab of crown glass surrounded by air. The ray is incident on the right surface at an angle of 55 with the normal and then reflects from points A, B, and C. (a) At which of these points does part of the ray enter the air? (b) If the glass slab is surrounded by carbon disulfide, at which point does part of the ray enter the carbon disulfide?

How many times will the incident beam shown in Figure P22.17 be reflected by each of the parallel mirrors?

A ray of light strikes a flat, 2.00-cm-thick block of glass (n 5 1.50) at an angle of 30.0 with respect to the normal (Fig. P22.18). (a) Find the angle of refraction at the top surface. (b) Find the angle of incidence at the bottom surface and the refracted angle. (c) Find the lateral distance d by which the light beam is shifted. (d) Calculate the speed of light in the glass and (e) the time required for the light to pass through the glass block. (f) Is the travel time through the block affected by the angle of incidence? Explain.

The light beam shown in Figure P22.19 makes an angle of 20.0 with the normal line NN9 in the linseed oil. Determine the angles u and u9. (The refractive index for linseed oil is 1.48.)

A laser beam is incident on a 454590 prism perpendicular to one of its faces, as shown in Figure P22.20. The transmitted beam that exits the hypotenuse of the prism makes an angle of u 5 15.0 with the direction of the incident beam. Find the index of refraction of the prism.

A block of crown glass is immersed in water as in Figure P22.21. A light ray is incident on the top face at an angle of u1 5 42.0 with the normal and exits the block at point P. (a) Find the vertical distance y from the top of the block to P. (b) Find the angle of refraction u2 of the light ray leaving the block at P.

A narrow beam of ultrasonic waves reflects off the liver tumor in Figure P22.22. If the speed of the wave is 10.0% less in the liver than in the surrounding medium, determine the depth of the tumor.

A person looking into an empty container is able to see the far edge of the containers bottom, as shown in Figure P22.23a. The height of the container is h, and its width is d. When the container is completely filled with a fluid of index of refraction n and viewed from the same angle, the person can see the center of a coin at the middle of the containers bottom, as shown in Figure P22.23b. (a) Show that the ratio h/d is given by h d 5 n2 2 1 4 2 n2 (b) Assuming the container has a width of 8.00 cm and is filled with water, use the expression above to find the height of the container.

A submarine is 3.00 3 102 m horizontally from shore and 1.00 3 102 m beneath the surface of the water. A laser beam is sent from the submarine so that the beam strikes the surface of the water 2.10 3 102 m from the shore. A building stands on the shore, and the laser beam hits a target at the top of the building. The goal is to find the height of the target above sea level. (a) Draw a diagram of the situation, identifying the two triangles that are important to finding the solution. (b) Find the angle of incidence of the beam striking the waterair interface. (c) Find the angle of refraction. (d) What angle does the refracted beam make with respect to the horizontal? (e) Find the height of the target above sea level.

A beam of light both reflects and refracts at the surface between air and glass, as shown in Figure P22.25. If the index of refraction of the glass is ng, find the angle of incidence, u1, in the air that would result in the reflected ray and the refracted ray being perpendicular to each other. Hint: Remember the identity sin (90 2 u) 5 cos u.

Figure P22.26 shows a light ray incident on a series of slabs having different refractive indices, where n1 , n2 , n3 , n4. Notice that the path of the ray steadily bends toward the normal. If the variation in n were continuous, the path would form a smooth curve. Use this idea and a ray diagram to explain why you can see the Sun at sunset after it has fallen below the horizon.

An opaque cylindrical tank with an open top has a diameter of 3.00 m and is completely filled with water. When the afternoon Sun reaches an angle of 28.0 above the horizon, sunlight ceases to illuminate the bottom of the tank. How deep is the tank?

A certain kind of glass has an index of refraction of 1.650 for blue light of wavelength 430 nm and an index of 1.615 for red light of wavelength 680 nm. If a beam containing these two colors is incident at an angle of 30.00 on a piece of this glass, what is the angle between the two beams inside the glass?

The index of refraction for red light in water is 1.331 and that for blue light is 1.340. If a ray of white light enters the water at an angle of incidence of 83.00, what are the underwater angles of refraction for the (a) blue and (b) red components of the light?

The index of refraction for crown glass is 1.512 at a wavelength of 660 nm (red), whereas its index of refraction is 1.530 at a wavelength of 410 nm (violet). If both wavelengths are incident on a slab of crown glass at the same angle of incidence, 60.0, what is the angle of refraction for each wavelength?

A light beam containing red and violet wavelengths is incident on a slab of quartz at an angle of incidence of 50.00. The index of refraction of quartz is 1.455 at 660 nm (red light), and its index of refraction is 1.468 at 410 nm (violet light). Find the dispersion of the slab, which is defined as the difference in the angles of refraction for the two wavelengths.

The index of refraction for violet light in silica flint glass is 1.66 and that for red light is 1.62. What is the angular dispersion of visible light passing through an equilateral prism of apex angle 60.0 if the angle of incidence is 50.0? (See Fig. P22.32.)

A ray of light strikes the midpoint of one face of an equiangular (606060) glass prism (n 5 1.5) at an angle of incidence of 30. (a) Trace the path of the light ray through the glass and find the angles of incidence and refraction at each surface. (b) If a small fraction of light is also reflected at each surface, what are the angles of reflection at the surfaces?

For light of wavelength 589 nm, calculate the critical angles for the following substances when surrounded by air: (a) fused quartz, (b) polystyrene, and (c) sodium chloride.

Repeat Problem 34, but this time assume the quartz, polystyrene, and sodium chloride are surrounded by water.

A beam of light is incident from air on the surface of a liquid. If the angle of incidence is 30.0 and the angle of refraction is 22.0, find the critical angle for the liquid when surrounded by air.

A plastic light pipe has an index of refraction of 1.53. For total internal reflection, what is the minimum angle of incidence if the pipe is in (a) air and (b) water?

Determine the maximum angle u for which the light rays incident on the end of the light pipe in Figure P22.38 are subject to total internal reflection along the walls of the pipe. Assume the light pipe has an index of refraction of 1.36 and the outside medium is air.

A light ray is incident normally to the long face (the hypotenuse) of a 454590 prism surrounded by air, as shown in Figure 22.26b. Calculate the minimum index of refraction of the prism for which the ray will totally internally reflect at each of the two sides making the right angle.

A beam of laser light with wavelength 612 nm is directed through a slab of glass having index of refraction 1.78. (a) For what minimum incident angle would a ray of light undergo total internal reflection? (b) If a layer of water is placed over the glass, what is the minimum angle of incidence on the glasswater interface that will result in total internal reflection at the water air interface? (c) Does the thickness of the water layer or glass affect the result? (d) Does the index of refraction of the intervening layer affect the result?

A room contains air in which the speed of sound is 343 m/s. The walls of the room are made of concrete, in which the speed of sound is 1 850 m/s. (a) Find the critical angle for total internal reflection of sound at the concreteair boundary. (b) In which medium must the sound be traveling in order to undergo total internal reflection? (c) A bare concrete wall is a highly efficient mirror for sound. Give evidence for or against this statement.

Consider a light ray traveling between air and a diamond cut in the shape shown in Figure P22.42. (a) Find the critical angle for total internal reflection for light in the diamond incident on the interface between the diamond and the outside air. (b) Consider the light ray incident normally on the top surface of the diamond as shown in Figure P22.42. Show that the light traveling toward point P in the diamond is totally reflected. (c) If the diamond is immersed in water, find the critical angle at the diamondwater interface? (d) When the diamond is immersed in water, does the light ray entering the top surface in Figure P22.42 undergo total internal reflection at P? Explain. (e) If the light ray entering the diamond remains vertical as shown in Figure P22.42, which way should the diamond in the water be rotated about an axis perpendicular to the page through O so that light will exit the diamond at P? (f) At what angle of rotation in part (e) will light first exit the diamond at point P?

The light beam in Figure P22.43 strikes surface 2 at the critical angle. Determine the angle of incidence, u1.

A jewel thief hides a diamond by placing it on the bottom of a public swimming pool. He places a circular raft on the surface of the water directly above and centered over the diamond, as shown in Figure P22.44. If the surface of the water is calm and the pool is 2.00 m deep, find the minimum diameter of the raft that would prevent the diamond from being seen.

A layer of ice having parallel sides floats on water. If light is incident on the upper surface of the ice at an angle of incidence of 30.0, what is the angle of refraction in the water?

A ray of light is incident at an angle 30.0 on a plane slab of flint glass surrounded by water. (a) Find the refraction angle. (b) Suppose the index of refraction of the surrounding medium can be adjusted, but the incident angle of the light remains the same. As the index of refraction of the medium approaches that of the glass, what happens to the refraction angle? (c) What happens to the refraction angle when the mediums index of refraction exceeds that of the glass?

When a man stands near the edge of an empty drainage ditch of depth 2.80 m, he can barely see the boundary between the opposite wall and bottom of the ditch as in Figure P22.47a. The distance from his eyes to the ground is 1.85 m. (a) What is the horizontal distance d from the man to the edge of the drainage ditch? (b) After the drainage ditch is filled with water as in Figure P22.47b, what is the maximum distance x the man can stand from the edge and still see the same boundary?

A light ray of wavelength 589 nm is incident at an angle u on the top surface of a block of polystyrene surrounded by air, as shown in Figure P22.48. (a) Find the maximum value of u for which the refracted ray will undergo total internal reflection at the left vertical face of the block. (b) Repeat the calculation for the case in which the polystyrene block is immersed in water. (c) What happens if the block is immersed in carbon disulfide?

As shown in Figure P22.49, a light ray is incident normal to one face of a 306090 block of flint glass (a prism) that is immersed in water. (a) Determine the exit angle u3 of the ray. (b) A substance is dissolved in the water to increase the index of refraction n2. At what value of n2 does total internal reflection cease at point P?

A narrow beam of light is incident from air onto a glass surface with index of refraction 1.56. Find the angle of incidence for which the corresponding angle of refraction is one-half the angle of incidence. Hint: You might want to use the trigonometric identity sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u.

One technique for measuring the angle of a prism is shown in Figure P22.51. A parallel beam of light is directed onto the apex of the prism so that the beam reflects from opposite faces of the prism. Show that the angular separation of the two reflected beams is given by B 5 2A.

An optical fiber with index of refraction n and diameter d is surrounded by air. Light is sent into the fiber along its axis, as shown in Figure P22.52. (a) Find the smallest outside radius R permitted for a bend in the fiber if no light is to escape. (b) Does the result for part (a) predict reasonable behavior as d approaches zero? As n increases? As n approaches unity? (c) Evaluate R, assuming the diameter of the fiber is 100 mm and its index of refraction is 1.40.

A piece of wire is bent through an angle u. The bent wire is partially submerged in benzene (index of refraction 5 1.50) so that, to a person looking along the dry part, the wire appears to be straight and makes an angle of 30.0 with the horizontal. Determine the value of u.

A light ray traveling in air is incident on one face of a right-angle prism with index of refraction n 5 1.50, as shown in Figure P22.54, and the ray follows the path shown in the figure. Assuming u 5 60.0 and the base of the prism is mirrored, determine the angle f made by the outgoing ray with the normal to the right face of the prism.

A transparent cylinder of radius R 5 2.00 m has a mirrored surface on its right half, as shown in Figure P22.55. A light ray traveling in air is incident on the left side of the cylinder. The incident light ray and the exiting light ray are parallel, and d 5 2.00 m. Determine the index of refraction of the material.

A laser beam strikes one end of a slab of material, as in Figure P22.56. The index of refraction of the slab is 1.48. Determine the number of internal reflections of the beam before it emerges from the opposite end of the slab.

A light ray enters a rectangular block of plastic at an angle u1 5 45.0 and emerges at an angle u2 5 76.0, as shown in Figure P22.57. (a) Determine the index of refraction of the plastic. (b) If the light ray enters the plastic at a point L 5 50.0 cm from the bottom edge, how long does it take the light ray to travel through the plastic?

Students allow a narrow beam of laser light to strike a water surface. They arrange to measure the angle of refraction for selected angles of incidence and record the data shown in the following table:

Figure P22.59 shows the path of a beam of light through several layers with different indices of refraction. (a) If u1 5 30.0, what is the angle u2 of the emerging beam? (b) What must the incident angle u1 be to have total internal reflection at the surface between the medium with n 5 1.20 and the medium with n 5

Three sheets of plastic have unknown indices of refraction. Sheet 1 is placed on top of sheet 2, and a laser beam is directed onto the sheets from above so that it strikes the interface at an angle of 26.5 with the normal. The refracted beam in sheet 2 makes an angle of 31.7 with the normal. The experiment is repeated with sheet 3 on top of sheet 2, and with the same angle of incidence, the refracted beam makes an angle of 36.7 with the normal. If the experiment is repeated again with sheet 1 on top of sheet 3, what is the expected angle of refraction in sheet 3? Assume the same angle of incidence.

A thick piece of Lucite (n 5 1.50) is has the shape of a quarter circle of radius R 5 12.0 cm as shown in the side view of Figure P22.61. A light ray traveling in air parallel to the base of the Lucite is incident at a distance h 5 6.00 cm above the base and emerges out of the Lucite at an angle u with the horizontal. Determine the value of u.