Consider the astronaut planning the trip to Andromeda in 71. (a) To three significant figures, what is the value for g for the speed found in part (a) of 71? (b) Just as the astronaut leaves on his constant-speed trip, a light beam is also sent in the direction of Andromeda. According to the Earth observer, how much later does the astronaut arrive at Andromeda after the arrival of the light beam?
Lecturegivenon3/22/16 Antibodies–Y-shaped,twoaminoacidsjoinedbydisulfatebonds;thereisaconstant regionandavariableregion • Constantregionisthesameforeveryantibodyproduced • Variableregionisdifferentbasedondifferentgenes • Antibodiespromoteantigeneliminationthrough: o Neutralization-bindingtosurfaceproteinsonavirusorbacteriumand blockingitsabilitytoinfect o Agglutination–usingbothbondingsitesofanantibodytojoininvading cellstogetherinaclump o Precipation–linkdissolvedantigenmoleculestogether o Activationofcomplementsystem Cell-mediatedimmunity–anadaptiveresponseproducedbyT-cells,respondsto pathogensthathavealreadyenteredintothebodycells • KindsofTcells: o CytotoxicTcells o HelperTcells o MemoryTcells • Cell-mediatedresponseisproducedbycytotoxicTcells,battlepathogensthat enterbodycells • HelperTcellstriggerbothcell-mediatedandhumoralresponse,signalsfromthe helpercellsinitiateproductionofantibodies • TworequirementsmustbemetforahelperTcelltoactivateadaptiveresponse: o Foreignmoleculemustbepresentthatcanbindspecificallytoanantigen receptor o Antigenmustbedisplayedonsurfaceofantigen-presentingcell;includes macrophagesandBcells • Macrophagesingestforeignparticlesandbreakthemdown,andthenself proteinsbindtothenon-selfmolecules;theseselfproteinsdisplaythenon-self onthecellsurface • HelperTcellsrecognizeandbindtotheselfandnon-selfcombination–calleda self-nonselfcomplex • ActivatedhelperTcellspromoteimmuneresponsethroughsecretingproteins o StimulateclonalselectionofhelperTcellswhichproducesmemoryand effectorhelperTcells o ActivateBcellsandstimulatetheimmuneresponse o StimulatetheactivityofcytotoxicTcells CytotoxicTcells–theonlyTcellsthatkillinfectedcellsoncetheyareactivated • Clonalselectionoccursandtheeffectorcytotoxiccellsidentifyinfectedcells throughaself-nonselfcomplex • KillerTcellsbindtotheinfectedcell,whichactivatesittosynthesizetoxic proteinslikeperferin–thismakesholesintheinfectedcell’smembranewhich causeslysesordeath Chapter43:ReproductionandEmbryonicDevelopment Lecturegiven3/24/16 *mustunderstandthestructuresofthemaleandfemalereproductiveanatomy ModesofReproduction: • Asexualreproduction o Creationofgeneticallyidenticaloffspringbyoneparent o Rapidformofreproduction o Lessgeneticdiversitycomparedtosexualreproduction o Canoccurvia 1. budding–newindividualsformonadult;canstaythereorbreak off 2. fission–parentanimalbreaksintwopieces 3. fragmentation-piecesofanimalsbreakofftoformnewanimals o Parthenogenesis–formofasexualreproduction,stimulatesaneggto divide(usuallytriggeredbysperm)andproducethenextindividual • Sexualreproduction o Joiningofgametes–eggsandsperm o Someanimalsusebothmodesofreproduction o Hermaphroditism–individualhasbothmaleandfemalereproduction systems;makesiteasiertofindamate,butcanstillexchangegametes withotherindividuals o Twotypes: 1. Externalfertilization–wheneggsandspermaredischargednear eachothersimultaneously;fishandamphibians 2. Internalfertilization–spermisdepositedinthefemale reproductivetractinvariousways;mostterrestrialspecies HumanReproduction • Bothspeciesmusthaveasetofgonads,ductsforgametetransport,and structuresforcopulation
