In Exercises 4954, use the formula derived in Exercise 48

Chapter 5, Problem 49

(choose chapter or problem)

In Exercises 4954, use the formula derived in Exercise 48 to estimate the age of each sample. Note: Some technical complications arise in interpreting such results. Studies have shown that the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in the air (and therefore in living matter) has not in fact been constant over time. For instance, air pollution from factory smokestacks tends to increase the level of carbon-12. In the other direction, nuclear bomb testing increases the level of carbon-14.

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