View this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ skullbones) to review the two processes that give rise to the bones of the skull and body. What are the two mechanisms by which the bones of the body are formed and which bones are formed by each mechanism?
Biology Week 8: Velta Napolean Fanis Biotechnology II When the mRNA copy of a gene is completed and processed, it moves to the cytoplasm, where it can be translated into a polypeptide. This is translation. Thymine- binds with adenine, but only found on a replicated DNA strand Uracil- binds with adenine, found in mRNA Several ingredients must be present in the cytoplasm for translation to occur. Free amino acids Ribosomal units (mobile assembly site that can attach 3 base sequences) Transfer RNA (translators/interpreters) tRNA Bases are always read in groups of 3, called codons. Anti-codon: what a codon binds to (AGU (RNA) binds to TCA (DNA)) Genetic Code Of 64 codons, 61 represent the amino acids, and the remaining 3 represent stop signals, which trigger the end of protein synthesis. They do not code for any amino acids. 1 start signal codon is AUG. called methionine. Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA Transcription uses ribosomes, but takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell. Polypeptides code for proteins to reflect a phenotype. Gene expression Rewriting DNA into a protein (grandma’s recipe book) Phenotype is a result of DNA genotype Damage of genetic code has a variety of causes and effects called mutations. Mutation: changing of base sequences (ACTG, ACUG). Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA. Mutations are good sometimes- without mutations we would not have natural selection Mutations usually occur in translation. Types of Mutations 1. Point Mutations: Nucleotide substitution: one base
