A coffee-cup calorimeter of the type shown in Figure

September​ ​11,​ ​13,​ ​and​ 1​ 4 End​ ​of​ ​Chapter​ ​1​ ​(Form,​ ​Function,​ ​and​ ​Homeostasis);​ ​Chapter​ ​2​ ​(Chemistry) Human​ ​Structure;​ ​Human​ ​Function;​ ​Atoms,​ ​Ions,​ ​and​ ​Molecules;​ ​Water​ ​and​ ​Mixtures; Energy​ ​and​ C​ hemical​ ​Reactions Hierarchy​ ​of​ ​complexity Reductionism​-​ ​system​ ​understood​ ​by​ ​studying​ ​simpler​ ​components​ ​(Aristotle) Holism​-​ ​emergent​ ​properties​ ​of​ ​whole​ ​can’t​ ​be​ ​predicted​ ​from​ ​separate​ ​parts Dialectical​ ​materialism​ ​examines​ ​how​ ​complexity​ ​arises,​ ​opposed​ ​to​ ​idealism Reductionism​ ​not​ ​sufficient​ ​to​ ​understanding​ ​complete​ ​workings​ ​of​ ​living​ ​systems Anatomical​ ​variation Some​ ​people​ ​don’t​ ​have​ ​palmaris​ ​longus​ ​muscle​ ​or​ ​plantaris​ ​muscle 4-6​ ​lumbar​ ​vertebra;​ ​1-2​ ​spleen(s);​ ​1-2​ ​kidney(s);​ ​1-2​ ​renal​ ​arteries;​ ​1-2​ ​ureters Situs​ ​inversus-​ ​organs​ ​of​ ​thoracic​ ​and​ ​abdominal​ ​cavities​ ​are​ ​reversed​ ​left-right Dextrocardia-​ h ​ eart​​ witches​ ​right-left Situs​ ​perversus-​ ​single​ ​organ​ ​occupies​ ​atypical​ ​position​ ​(pelvic​ ​kidney) Life​-​ ​composed​ ​of​ ​cells;​ ​ability​ ​to​ ​sense​ ​and​ ​react​ ​to​ ​stimuli​ ​(responsiveness) Energy​ ​use/metabolism,​ ​internal​ ​chemical​ ​changes;​ ​excretion Anabolism​-​ ​synthesis Catabolism​-​ ​breakdown Basic​ ​metabolic​ ​rate​​ ​(BMR)-​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​metabolism​ ​at​ ​rest/thermoneutral