Solution Found!
In this chapter, we have learned about the photoelectric
Chapter 6, Problem 1DE(choose chapter or problem)
In this chapter, we have learned about the photoelectric effect and its impact on the formulation of light as photons. We have also seen that some anomalous electron configurations of the elements are particularly favorable if each atom has one or more half-filled shell, such as the case for the Cr atom with its [Ar]4s13d5 electron configuration. Let’s suppose it is hypothesized that it requires more energy to remove an electron from a metal that has atoms with one or more half-filled shells than from those that do not. (a) Design a series of experiments involving the photoelectric effect that would test the hypothesis, (b) What experimental apparatus would be needed to test the hypothesis? It’s not necessary that you name actual equipment but rather that you imagine how the apparatus would work—think in terms of the types of measurements that would be needed, and what capability you would need in your apparatus, (c) Describe the type of data you would collect and how you would analyze the data to see whether the hypothesis were correct, (d) Could your experiments be extended to test the hypothesis for other parts of the periodic table, such as the lanthanide or actinide elements?
Questions & Answers
QUESTION:
In this chapter, we have learned about the photoelectric effect and its impact on the formulation of light as photons. We have also seen that some anomalous electron configurations of the elements are particularly favorable if each atom has one or more half-filled shell, such as the case for the Cr atom with its [Ar]4s13d5 electron configuration. Let’s suppose it is hypothesized that it requires more energy to remove an electron from a metal that has atoms with one or more half-filled shells than from those that do not. (a) Design a series of experiments involving the photoelectric effect that would test the hypothesis, (b) What experimental apparatus would be needed to test the hypothesis? It’s not necessary that you name actual equipment but rather that you imagine how the apparatus would work—think in terms of the types of measurements that would be needed, and what capability you would need in your apparatus, (c) Describe the type of data you would collect and how you would analyze the data to see whether the hypothesis were correct, (d) Could your experiments be extended to test the hypothesis for other parts of the periodic table, such as the lanthanide or actinide elements?
ANSWER:Solution: The phenomenon of ejection of electrons from the surface of a metal when light of suitable frequency strikes on it, is called photoelectric effect. Step1: Half filled orbitals(containing one electron per orbital) have lower energy and are therefore extra stable. This extra stability is mainly due to their symmetrical arrangement and large exchange energy. Due to this stability, more energy is required to remove an electron from half filled shell. Step2: a) The apparatus showing photoelectric effect consists of a cell having an evacuated chamber which contains two electrodes connected to an external circuit. The metal that exhibits the photoelectric effect is mabe negative electrode. When light of sufficiently high energy strikes the metal, the electrons are ejected from its surface and move towards the positive electrode and form the current flowing through the circuit. b) The diagrammatic representation of the apparatus is given below: Photoelectri