Drugs called COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., Vioxx, Bextra, and Celebrex) were thought to

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80

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Drugs called COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., Vioxx, Bextra, and Celebrex) were thought to relieve the pain and inflammation of osteoarthritis without the stomach bleeding and ulcers nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause. In a 12- month trial, Vioxx caused fewer gastrointestinal side effects than the NSAID ibuprofen. However, a study of the recurrence of colon polyps after three years of Vioxx found an increased risk for heart attack and stroke beginning after 18 months of treatment. As a result, Vioxx was withdrawn from the market, and an FDA panel concluded that COX-2 inhibitors as a class have increased cardiovascular risk that varies by drug and dose. The FDA then caused the withdrawal of Bextra and required a warning label on Celebrex. Based on this information, list (a) an observation, (b) a hypothesis, (c) an experiment, and (d) a theory.

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