Brittany, a healthy young woman, had a batteryof tests during a physical for a new job

Describe the composition and volume of whole blood.

Describe the composition of plasma, and discuss its importance in the body.

List the cell types making up the formed elements, and describe the major functions of each type.

Define anemia, polycythemia, leukopenia, and leukocytosis, and list possible causes for each condition.

Explain the role of the hemocytoblast.

Describe the blood-clotting process.

Name some factors that may inhibit or enhance the blood-clotting process.

Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups.

Explain the basis for a transfusion reaction.

Explain the basis of physiologic jaundice seen in some newborn babies.

Indicate blood disorders that increase in frequency in the aged.

Which would lead to increased erythropoiesis? a. Chronic bleeding ulcer b. Reduction in respiratory ventilation c. Decreased level of physical activity d. Reduced blood flow to the kidneys

Sickling of RBCs can be induced in a person with sickle cell anemia by a. blood loss. c. stress. b. vigorous exercise. d. fever.

A child is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. This means that a. one parent had sickle cell anemia. b. one parent carried the sickle cell gene. c. both parents had sickle cell anemia. d. both parents carried the sickle cell gene.

Polycythemia vera will result in a. overproduction of WBCs. b. exceptionally high blood volume. c. abnormally high blood viscosity. d. abnormally low hematocrit.

Which of the following is not typical of leukocytes? a. Amoeboid movement b. Phagocytic (some) c. Nucleated cells d. The most numerous cells in the bloodstream

The leukocyte that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals is the a. basophil. c. eosinophil. b. monocyte. d. neutrophil.

Which of the following formed elements are phagocytic? a. Erythrocytes c. Monocytes b. Neutrophils d. Lymphocytes

A condition resulting from thrombocytopenia is a. thrombus formation. b. embolus formation. c. petechiae. d. hemophilia.

Which of the following can cause problems in a transfusion reaction? a. Donor antibodies attacking recipient RBCs b. Clogging of small vessels by agglutinated clumps of RBCs c. Lysis of donated RBCs d. Blockage of kidney tubules

If an Rh mother becomes pregnant, when can he- molytic disease of the newborn not possibly occur in the child? a. If the child is Rh c. If the father is Rh+ b. If the child is Rh+ d. If the father is Rh

Plasma without the clotting proteins is called a. serum. c. fibrin. b. whole blood. d. tissue factor.

Albumin a. is a blood buffer. b. helps maintain bloods osmotic pressure. c. distributes body heat. d. transports certain molecules.

What is the blood volume of an average-sized adult?

Name as many different categories of substances carried in plasma as you can.

Define formed elements. Which category is most numerous? Which makes up the buffy coat?

Define anemia, and give three possible causes.

Name the granular and agranular WBCs. Give the major function of each type in the body.

Name the formed elements that arise from myeloid stem cells. Name those arising from lymphoid stem cells.

What WBC type resides primarily in the tissues of the body?

Describe the process of hemostasis. Indicate what starts the process.

How can liver dysfunction cause bleeding disorders?

What are agglutinins?

Name the four ABO blood groups.

What is a transfusion reaction? Why does it happen?

Explain why an Rh person does not have a trans- fusion reaction on the first exposure to Rh+ blood. Why is there a transfusion reaction the second time he or she receives the Rh+ blood?

If you had a high hematocrit, would you expect your hemoglobin determination to be high or low? Why?

A patient on renal dialysis has a low RBC count. What hormone, secreted by the kidney, can be as- sumed to be deficient?

A bone marrow biopsy of Mr. Lee, a man on a long-term drug therapy, shows an abnormally high percentage of nonhematopoietic connective tissue. What condition does this indicate? If the symptoms are critical, what short-term and long-term treat- ments are indicated? Will infusion of whole blood or packed red cells be more likely?

A woman comes to the clinic complaining of fa- tigue, shortness of breath, and chills. Blood tests show anemia, and a bleeding ulcer is diagnosed. What type of anemia is this?

A patient is diagnosed with bone marrow cancer and has a hematocrit of 70 percent. What is this condition called?

A middle-aged college professor from Boston is in the Swiss Alps studying astronomy. He arrived two days ago and plans to stay the entire year. However, he notices that he is short of breath when he walks up steps and that he tires easily with any physical activity. His symptoms gradually disappear; after two months, he feels fine. Upon returning to the United States, he has a complete physical exam and is told that his erythrocyte count is higher than nor- mal. (a) Attempt to explain this finding. (b) Will his RBC count remain at this higher-than-normal level? Why or why not?

Why is someone more likely to bleed to death when an artery is cleanly severed than when it is crushed and torn?

Explain how fetal hemoglobin, HbF, enhances oxy- gen transfer across the placenta from the mother to the fetus.

Brittany, a healthy young woman, had a battery of tests during a physical for a new job. Her RBC count was at the higher end of the normal range at that time, but four weeks later it was substantially elevated beyond that. When asked if any circum- stances had changed in her life, she admitted to taking up smoking. How might her new habit ex- plain her higher RBC count?

Mr. Malone is going into shock because of blood loss, so paramedics infuse a saline solution. Why would this help?