Chemistry

Chemistry: The Central Science | 14th Edition | ISBN: 9780134414232 | Authors: Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward; Matthew E. Stoltzfus
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Chemistry: The Central Science 14th Edition solutions

Author: Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward; Matthew E. Stoltzfus
Publisher: Pearson
ISBN: 9780134414232

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Chapter 2 Problems

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.82

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
(a) What is meant by the term isomer? (b) Among the four alkanes, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane, which is capable of existing in isomeric forms?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.86

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Draw the structural formulas for three isomers of pentane, C5H12.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.83

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
(a) What is a functional group? (b) What functional group characterizes an alcohol? (c) Write a structural formula for 1-pentanol, the alcohol derived from pentane by making a substitution on one of the carbon atoms.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.87

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Suppose a scientist repeats the Millikan oil-drop experiment but reports the charges on the drops using an unusual (and imaginary) unit called the warmomb (wa). The scientist obtains the following data for four of the drops: (a) If all the droplets were the same size, which would fall most

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.84

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Consider the following organic substances: ethanol, propane, hexane, and propanol. (a) Which of these molecules contains an OH group? (b) Which of these molecules contains three carbon atoms?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.88

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The natural abundance of 3He is 0.000137%. (a) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an atom of 3He? (b) Based on the sum of the masses of their subatomic particles, which is expected to be more massive, an atom of 3He or an atom of 3H (which is also called tritium)? (c) Based

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.85

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Chloropropane is derived from propane by substituting Cl for H on one of the carbon atoms. (a) Draw the structural formulas for the two isomers of chloropropane. (b) Suggest names for these two compounds.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.90

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The diameter of a rubidium atom is 4.95 . We will consider two different ways of placing the atoms on a surface. In arrangement A, all the atoms are lined up with one another to form a square grid. Arrangement B is called a close-packed arrangement because the atoms sit in the depressions formed by

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.89

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
A cube of gold that is 1.00 cm on a side has a mass of 19.3 g. A single gold atom has a mass of 197.0 amu. (a) How many gold atoms are in the cube? (b) From the information given, estimate the diameter in of a single gold atom. (c) What assumptions did you make in arriving at your answer for pa

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.91

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
(a) Assuming the dimensions of the nucleus and atom shown in Figure 2.10, what fraction of the volume of the atom is taken up by the nucleus? (b) Using the mass of the proton from Table 2.1 and assuming its diameter is 1.0 10-15 m, calculate the density of a proton in g/cm3.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.94

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The element oxygen has three naturally occurring isotopes, with 8, 9, and 10 neutrons in the nucleus, respectively. (a) Write the full chemical symbols for these three isotopes. (b) Describe the similarities and differences between the three kinds of atoms of oxygen.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.92

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Identify the element represented by each of the following symbols and give the number of protons and neutrons in each: (a) \({ }_{33}^{74} X\) (b) \({ }_{53}^{127} X\) (c) \({ }_{63}^{152} X\) (d) \({ }_{83}^{209} X\) Text Tran

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.95

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The element lead (Pb) consists of four naturally occurring isotopes with atomic masses 203.97302, 205.97444, 206.97587, and 207.97663 amu. The relative abundances of these four isotopes are 1.4, 24.1, 22.1, and 52.4%, respectively. From these data, calculate the atomic weight of lead.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.93

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The nucleus of 6Li is a powerful absorber of neutrons. It exists in the naturally occurring metal to the extent of 7.5%. In the era of nuclear deterrence, large quantities of lithium were processed to remove 6Li for use in hydrogen bomb production. The lithium metal remaining after removal of 6Li was

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.96

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Gallium (Ga) consists of two naturally occurring isotopes with masses of 68.926 and 70.925 amu. (a) How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of each isotope? Write the complete atomic symbol for each, showing the atomic number and mass number. (b) The average atomic mass of Ga is 69.72 amu

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.98

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
There are two different isotopes of bromine atoms. Under normal conditions, elemental bromine consists of Br2 molecules, and the mass of a Br2 molecule is the sum of the masses of the two atoms in the molecule. The mass spectrum of Br2 consists of three peaks: (a) What is the origin of each

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.97

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Using a suitable reference such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics or http://www.webelements.com, look up the following information for nickel: (a) the number of known isotopes, (b) the atomic masses (in amu), (c)the natural abundances of the five most abundant isotopes.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.99

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
It is common in mass spectrometry to assume that the mass of a cation is the same as that of its parent atom. (a) Using data in Table 2.1, determine the number of significant figures that must be reported before the difference in masses of 1H and 1H+ is significant. (b) What percentage of the

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.100

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
From the following list of elementsAr, H, Ga, Al, Ca, Br, Ge, K, Opick the one that best fits each description. Use each element only once: (a) an alkali metal, (b) an alkaline earth metal, (c) a noble gas, (d) a halogen, (e) a metalloid, (f) a nonmetal listed in group 1A, (g) a metal th

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.10

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The first atoms of seaborgium (Sg) were identified in 1974. The longest-lived isotope of Sg has a mass number of 266. (a) How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an 266Sg atom? (b) Atoms of Sg are very unstable, and it is therefore difficult to study this elements properties. Based o

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.102

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The explosion of an atomic bomb releases many radioactive isotopes, including strontium-90. Considering the location of strontium in the periodic table, suggest a reason for the fact that this isotope is particularly dangerous for human health.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.103

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
A U.S. 1-cent coin (a penny) has a diameter of 19 mm and a thickness of 1.5 mm. Assume the coin is made of pure copper, whose density and approximate market price are 8.9 g/cm3 and $2.40 per pound, respectively. Calculate the value of the copper in the coin, assuming its thickness is uniform.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.110

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Carbonic acid occurs in carbonated beverages. When allowed to react with lithium hydroxide, it produces lithium carbonate. Lithium carbonate is used to treat depression and bipolar disorder. Write chemical formulas for carbonic acid, lithium hydroxide, and lithium carbonate.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.104

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The U.S. Mint produces a dollar coin called the American Silver Eagle that is made of nearly pure silver. This coin has a diameter of 41 mm and a thickness of 2.5 mm. The density and approximate market price of silver are 10.5 g/cm3 and $0.51 per gram, respectively. Calculate the value of the silver

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.113

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Because many ions and compounds have very similar names, there is great potential for confusing them. Write the correct chemical formulas to distinguish between (a) calcium sulfide and calcium hydrogen sulfide, (b) hydrobromic acid and bromic acid, (c) aluminum nitride and aluminum nitrite, (d

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.105

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
From the molecular structures shown here, identify the one that corresponds to each of the following species: (a) chlorine gas; (b) propane; (c) nitrate ion; (d) sulfur trioxide; (e) methyl chloride, CH3Cl.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.114

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
In what part of the atom does the strong nuclear force operate?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.106

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Name each of the following oxides. Assuming that the compounds are ionic, what charge is associated with the metallic element in each case? (a) NiO, (b) MnO2, (c) Cr2O3, (d) MoO3.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.107

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Fill in the blanks in the following table:

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.108

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Cyclopropane is an interesting hydrocarbon. Instead of having three carbons in a row, the three carbons form a ring, as shown in this perspective drawing (see Figure 2.18 for a prior example of this kind of drawing): Cyclopropane was at one time used as an anesthetic, but its use was discon

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.109

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Elements in the same group of the periodic table often form oxyanions with the same general formula. The anions are also named in a similar fashion. Based on these observations, suggest a chemical formula or name, as appropriate, for each of the following ions: (a) BrO4-, (b) SeO32-, (c)

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.111

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Give the chemical names of each of the following familiar compounds: (a) NaCl (table salt), (b) NaHCO3 (baking soda), (c) NaOCl (in many bleaches), (d) NaOH (caustic soda), (e) (NH4)2CO3 (smelling salts), (f) CaSO4 (plaster of Paris).

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.112

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Many familiar substances have common, unsystematic names. For each of the following, give the correct systematic name: (a) salt peter, KNO3; (b) soda ash, Na2CO3; (c) lime, CaO; (d) muriatic acid, HCl; (e) Epsom salts, MgSO4; (f) milk of magnesia, Mg(OH)2.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.47

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
What are the molecular and empirical formulas for each of the following compounds?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.48

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Two substances have the same molecular and empirical formulas. Does this mean that they must be the same compound?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.49

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Write the empirical formula corresponding to each of the following molecular formulas: (a) \(\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{Br}_{6}\), (b) \(\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{10}\), (c) \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O}_{2}\), (d) \(\mathrm{P}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{10}\), (e) \(\mathrm{

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.1

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
A charged particle moves between two electrically charged plates, as shown here. (a) What is the sign of the electrical charge on the particle? (b) As the charge on the plates is increased, would you expect the bending to increase, decrease, or stay the same?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.50

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Determine the molecular and empirical formulas of the following: (a) the organic solvent benzene, which has six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms; (b) the compound silicon tetrachloride, which has a silicon atom and four chlorine atoms and is used in the manufacture of computer chips; (c)

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.2

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The following diagram is a representation of 20 atoms of a fictitious element, which we will call nevadium (Nv). The red spheres are \({ }^{293} \mathrm{NV}\), and the blue spheres are \({ }^{295} \mathrm{NV}\). (a) Assuming that this sample is a statistically representative sample of the elemen

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.51

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
How many hydrogen atoms are in each of the following: (a) \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}\), (b) \(\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{COO}\right)_{2}\), (c) \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}\) ?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.3

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Four of the boxes in the following periodic table are colored. Which of these are metals and which are nonmetals? Which one is an alkaline earth metal? Which one is a noble gas? [Section 2.5]

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.52

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
How many of the indicated atoms are represented by each chemical formula: (a) carbon atoms in \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{9} \mathrm{COOCH}_{3}\), (b) oxygen atoms in \(\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{ClO}_{3}\right)_{2}\), (c) hydrogen atoms in \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{HPO

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.4

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Does the following drawing represent a neutral atom or an ion? Write its complete chemical symbol, including mass number, atomic number, and net charge (if any). [Sections 2.3 and 2.7]

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.53

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Write the molecular and structural formulas for the compounds represented by the following molecular models:

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.5

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Which of the following diagrams most likely represents an ionic compound, and which represents a molecular one? Explain your choice. [Sections 2.6 and 2.7]

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.54

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Write the molecular and structural formulas for the compounds represented by the following models:

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.6

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Write the chemical formula for the following compound. Is the compound ionic or molecular? Name the compound. [Sections 2.6 and 2.8]

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.55

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Fill in the gaps in the following table:

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.7

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Five of the boxes in the following periodic table are colored. Predict the charge on the ion associated with each of these elements. [Section 2.7]

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.56

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Fill in the gaps in the following table:

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.8

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The following diagram represents an ionic compound in which the red spheres represent cations and the blue spheres represent anions. Which of the following formulas is consistent with the drawing? \(\mathrm{KBr}, \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}, \mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}, \mathrm{Fe}

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.57

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Each of the following elements is capable of forming an ion in chemical reactions. By referring to the periodic table, predict the charge of the most stable ion of each: (a) Mg, (b) Al, (c) K, (d) S, (e) F.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.9

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Are these two compounds isomers? Explain. [Section 2.9]

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.58

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Using the periodic table, predict the charges of the ions of the following elements: (a) Ga, (b) Sr, (c) As, (d) Br, (e) Se.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.10

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
In the Millikan oil-drop experiment (see Figure 2.5), the tiny oil drops are observed through the viewing lens as rising, stationary, or falling, as shown here. (a) What causes their rate of fall to vary from their rate in the absence of an electric field? (b) Why do some drops move upward? [Sectio

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.59

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Using the periodic table to guide you, predict the chemical formula and name of the compound formed by the following elements: (a) Ga and F, (b) Li and H, (c) Al and I, (d) K and S.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.11

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
A 1.0-g sample of carbon dioxide \(\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)\) is fully decomposed into its elements, yielding 0.273 g of carbon and 0.727 g of oxygen. (a) What is the ratio of the mass of O to C? (b) If a sample of a different compound decomposes into 0.429 g of carbon and 0.571 g of ox

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.60

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The most common charge associated with scandium in its compounds is 3+. Indicate the chemical formulas you would expect for compounds formed between scandium and (a) iodine, (b) sulfur, (c) nitrogen.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.12

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Hydrogen sulfide is composed of two elements: hydrogen and sulfur. In an experiment, 6.500 g of hydrogen sulfide is fully decomposed into its elements. (a) If 0.384 g of hydrogen is obtained in this experiment, how many grams of sulfur must be obtained? (b) What fundamental law does this ex

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.61

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by (a) \(\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}\) and \(\mathrm{Br}^{-}\), (b) \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\) and \(\mathrm{CO}_{3}{ }^{2-}\), (c) \(\mathrm{Al}^{3+}\) and \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}^{-}\), (d) \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) and \(\mathrm{SO}_

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.13

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
A chemist finds that 30.82 g of nitrogen will react with 17.60, 35.20, 70.40, or 88.00 g of oxygen to form four different compounds. (a) Calculate the mass of oxygen per gram of nitrogen in each compound. (b) How do the numbers in part (a) support Daltons atomic theory?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.62

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Predict the chemical formulas of the compounds formed by the following pairs of ions: (a) \(\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}\) and \(\mathrm{Br}^{-}\), (b) \(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}\) and \(\mathrm{O}^{2-}\), (c) \(\mathrm{Hg}_{2}{ }^{2+}\) and \(\mathrm{CO}_{3}{ }^{2-}\), (d) \(\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}\) and \

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.14

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
In a series of experiments, a chemist prepared three different compounds that contain only iodine and fluorine and determined the mass of each element in each compound: (a) Calculate the mass of fluorine per gram of iodine in each compound. (b) How do the numbers in par

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.63

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Complete the table by filling in the formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of cations and anions, as shown for the first pair.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.15

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Which of the three subatomic particles was discovered first the proton, neutron, or electron? Which one was discovered last?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.64

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Complete the table by filling in the formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of cations and anions, as shown for the first pair.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.16

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
An unknown particle is caused to move between two electrically charged plates, as illustrated in Figure 2.7. You hypothesize that the particle is a proton. (a) If your hypothesis is correct, would the particle be deflected in the same or opposite direction as the \(\beta \text { rays }\)? (

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.65

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Predict whether each of the following compounds is molecular or ionic: (a) \(\mathrm{B}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}\), (b) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\), (c) \(\mathrm{LiNO}_{3}\), (d) \(\mathrm{Sc}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\), (e) \(mathrm{CsBr}\), (f) \(\mathrm{NOCl}\), (g) \(\

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.17

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
What fraction of the \(\alpha\) particles in Rutherfords gold foil experiment are scattered at large angles? Assume the gold foil is two layers thick, as shown in Figure 2.9, and that the approximate diameters of a gold atom and its nucleus are \(2.7 \AA\) and \(1.0 \times 10^{-4} \AA\), respectively

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.66

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Which of the following are ionic, and which are molecular? (a) \(\mathrm{PF}_{5}\), (b) \(\mathrm{NaI}\), (c) \(\mathrm{SCl}_{2}\), (d) \(\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\), (e) \(\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}\), (f) \(\mathrm{LaP}\), (g) \(\mathrm{CoCO}_{3}\), (

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.18

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Millikan determined the charge on the electron by studying the static charges on oil drops falling in an electric field (Figure 2.5). A student carried out this experiment using several oil drops for her measurements and calculated the charges on the drops. She obtained the following data:

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.67

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Give the chemical formula for (a) chlorite ion, (b) chloride ion, (c) chlorate ion, (d) perchlorate ion, (e) hypochlorite ion.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.19

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The radius of an atom of gold (Au) is about \(1.35 \AA\). (a) Express this distance in nanometers (nm) and in picometers (pm). (b) How many gold atoms would have to be lined up to span 1.0 mm? (c) If the atom is assumed to be a sphere, what is the volume in \(\mathrm{cm}^{3}\) of a sing

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.68

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Selenium, an element required nutritionally in trace quantities, forms compounds analogous to sulfur. Name the following ions: (a) \(\mathrm{SeO}_{4}{ }^{2-}\), (b) \(\mathrm{Se}^{2-}\), (c) \(\mathrm{HSe}^{-}\), (d) \(\mathrm{HSeO}_{3}^{-}\).

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.20

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
An atom of rhodium (Rh) has a diameter of about \(2.7 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{~cm}\). (a) What is the radius of a rhodium atom in angstroms \((\AA)\) and in meters (m)? (b) How many Rh atoms would have to be placed side by side to span a distance of \(6.0 \mu \mathrm{m}\)? (c) If you as

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.69

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Give the names and charges of the cation and anion in each of the following compounds: (a) \(\mathrm{CaO}\), (b) \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\), (c) \(\mathrm{KClO}_{4}\), (d) \(\mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\), (e) \(\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}\).

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.21

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Answer the following questions without referring to Table 2.1: (a) What are the main subatomic particles that make up the atom? (b) What is the relative charge (in multiples of the electronic charge) of each of the particles? (c) Which of the particles is the most massive? (d) Whi

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.70

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Give the names and charges of the cation and anion in each of the following compounds: (a) \(\mathrm{CuS}\), (b) \(\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\), (c) \(\mathrm{Al}\left(\mathrm{ClO}_{3}\right)_{3}\), (d) \(\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\), (e) \(\mathrm{PbCO}_{3}\).

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.22

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, correct the statement to make it true: a) The nucleus has most of the mass and comprises most of the volume of an atom. (b) Every atom of a given element has the same number of protons. (c) The number of elec

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.71

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Name the following ionic compounds: (a) \(\mathrm{Li}_{2} \mathrm{O}\), (b) \(\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}\), (c) \(\mathrm{NaClO}\), (d) \(\mathrm{CaSO}_{3}\), (e) \(\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\), (f) \(\mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\), (g) \(\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mat

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.23

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Consider an atom of \({ }^{10} \mathrm{~B}\). (a) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does this atom contain? (b) What is the symbol of the atom obtained by adding one proton to \({ }^{10} \mathrm{~B}\)? (c) What is the symbol of the atom obtained by adding one neutron to \({ }^{1

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.72

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Name the following ionic compounds: (a) \(\mathrm{KCN}\), (b) \(\mathrm{NaBrO}_{2}\), (c) \(\mathrm{Sr}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\), (d) CoTe, (e) \(\mathrm{Fe}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CO}_{3}\right)_{3}\), (f) \(\mathrm{Cr}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{3}\), (g) \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.24

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Consider an atom of \({ }^{63} \mathrm{Cu}\). (a) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does this atom contain? (b) What is the symbol of the ion obtained by removing two electrons from \({ }^{63} \mathrm{Cu}\)? (c) What is the symbol for the isotope of \({ }^{63} \mathrm{Cu}\) tha

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.73

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds: (a) aluminum hydroxide, (b) potassium sulfate, (c) copper(I) oxide, (d) zinc nitrate, (e) mercury(II) bromide, (f) iron(III) carbonate, (g) sodium hypobromite.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.25

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
(a) Define atomic number and mass number. (b) Which of these can vary without changing the identity of the element?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.74

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Give the chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds: (a) sodium phosphate, (b) zinc nitrate, (c) barium bromate, (d) iron(II) perchlorate, (e) cobalt(II) hydrogen carbonate, (f) chromium(III) acetate, (g) potassium dichromate.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.26

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
(a) Which two of the following are isotopes of the same element: \({ }_{16}^{31} \mathrm{X},{ }_{15}^{31} \mathrm{X},{ }_{16}^{32} \mathrm{X}\)? (b) What is the identity of the element whose isotopes you have selected?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.75

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Give the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the following acids: (a) \(\mathrm{HBrO}_{3}\), (b) \(\mathrm{HBr}\), (c) \(\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}\), (d) hypochlorous acid, (e) iodic acid, (f) sulfurous acid.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.27

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the following atoms? (a) \({ }^{40} \mathrm{Ar}\), (b) \({ }^{65} \mathrm{Zn}\), (c) \({ }^{70} \mathrm{Ga}\), (d) \({ }^{80} \mathrm{Br}\), (e) \({ }^{184} \mathrm{~W}\), (f) \({ }^{243} \mathrm{Am}\).

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.76

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Provide the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the following acids: (a) hydroiodic acid, (b) chloric acid, (c) nitrous acid, (d) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\), (e) \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}\), (f) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}\).

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.28

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Each of the following isotopes is used in medicine. Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in each isotope: (a) phosphorus-32, (b) chromium-51, (c) cobalt-60, (d) technetium-99, (e) iodine-131, (f) thallium-201.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.77

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Give the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the following binary molecular substances: (a) \(\mathrm{SF}_{6}\), (b) \(\mathrm{IF}_{5}\), (c) \(\mathrm{XeO}_{3}\), (d) dinitrogen tetroxide, (e) hydrogen cyanide, (f) tetraphosphorus hexasulfide.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.29

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Fill in the gaps in the following table, assuming each column represents a neutral atom.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.78

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The oxides of nitrogen are very important components in urban air pollution. Name each of the following compounds: (a) \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}\), (b) \(\mathrm{NO}\), (c) \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\), (d) \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}\), (e) \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\).

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.30

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Fill in the gaps in the following table, assuming each column represents a neutral atom.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.79

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Write the chemical formula for each substance mentioned in the following word descriptions (use the front inside cover to find the symbols for the elements you do not know). (a) Zinc carbonate can be heated to form zinc oxide and carbon dioxide. (b) On treatment with hydrofluoric acid, silicon

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.31

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Write the correct symbol, with both superscript and subscript, for each of the following. Use the list of elements in the front inside cover as needed: (a) the isotope of platinum that contains 118 neutrons, (b) the isotope of krypton with mass number 84, (c) the isotope of arsenic wit

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.80

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Assume that you encounter the following sentences in your reading. What is the chemical formula for each substance mentioned? (a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as a deodorant. (b) Calcium hypochlorite is used in some bleaching solutions. (c) Hydrogen cyanide is a very poisonous gas. (

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.32

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
One way in which Earths evolution as a planet can be understood is by measuring the amounts of certain isotopes in rocks. One quantity recently measured is the ratio of \({ }^{129} \mathrm{Xe}\) to \({ }^{130} \mathrm{Xe}\) in some minerals. In what way do these two isotopes differ from one another?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.81

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
(a) What is a hydrocarbon? (b) Pentane is the alkane with a chain of five carbon atoms. Write a structural formula for this compound and determine its molecular and empirical formulas.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.33

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
(a) What isotope is used as the standard in establishing the atomic mass scale? (b) The atomic weight of boron is reported as 10.81, yet no atom of boron has the mass of 10.81 amu. Explain.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.34

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
(a) What is the mass in amu of a carbon-12 atom? (b) Why is the atomic weight of carbon reported as 12.011 in the table of elements and the periodic table in the front inside cover of this text?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.35

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Only two isotopes of copper occur naturally: \({ }^{63} \mathrm{Cu}\) (atomic mass = 62.9296 amu; abundance 69.17%) and \({ }^{65} \mathrm{Cu}\) (atomic mass = 64.9278 amu; abundance 30.83%). Calculate the atomic weight (average atomic mass) of copper.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.36

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Rubidium has two naturally occurring isotopes, rubidium-85 (atomic mass = 84.9118 amu; abundance = 72.15%) and rubidium-87 (atomic mass = 86.9092 amu; abundance = 27.85%). Calculate the atomic weight of rubidium.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.37

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
(a) Thomsons cathode-ray tube (Figure 2.4) and the mass spectrometer (Figure 2.11) both involve the use of electric or magnetic fields to deflect charged particles. What are the charged particles involved in each of these experiments? (b) What are the labels on the axes of a mass spectrum?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.38

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Consider the mass spectrometer shown in Figure 2.11. Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, correct the statement to make it true: (a) The paths of neutral (uncharged) atoms are not affected by the magnet. (b) The height of each peak in the mass spect

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.39

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Naturally occurring magnesium has the following isotopic abundances: (a) What is the average atomic mass of Mg? (b) Sketch the mass spectrum of Mg.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.40

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Mass spectrometry is more often applied to molecules than to atoms. We will see in Chapter 3 that the molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in the molecule. The mass spectrum of \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\) is taken under conditions that prevent decomposition into H atoms

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.41

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
For each of the following elements, write its chemical symbol, locate it in the periodic table, give its atomic number, and indicate whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: (a) chromium, (b) helium, (c) phosphorus, (d) zinc, (e) magnesium, (f) bromine, (g) ar

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.42

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Locate each of the following elements in the periodic table; give its name and atomic number, and indicate whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: (a) Li, (b) Sc, (c) Ge, (d) Yb, (e) Mn, (f) Sb, (g) Xe.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.43

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
For each of the following elements, write its chemical symbol, determine the name of the group to which it belongs (Table 2.3), and indicate whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: (a) potassium, (b) iodine, (c) magnesium, (d) argon, (e) sulfur.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.44

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The elements of group 4A show an interesting change in properties moving down the group. Give the name and chemical symbol of each element in the group and label it as a nonmetal, metalloid, or metal.

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.45

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
The structural formulas of the compounds n-butane and isobutane are shown below. (a) Determine the molecular formula of each. (b) Determine the empirical formula of each. (c) Which formulasempirical, molecular, or structuralallow you determine these are different compounds?

Chapter: 2 Problem: 2.46

Chemistry: The Central Science 14
Ball-and-stick representations of benzene, a colorless liquid often used in organic chemistry reactions, and acetylene, a gas used as a fuel for high-temperature welding, are shown below. (a) Determine the molecular formula of each. (b) Determine the empirical formula of each.

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