Solutions for Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

A compound containing a carboxylic acid group (COOH) as well as an amino group (NH2).

A negatively charged ion. (Section 2.7)

A molecular orbital that is of higher energy and lower stability than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed. (10.6)

A bond to a chair conformation of cyclohexane that extends from the ring parallel to the imaginary axis through the center of the ring; a bond that lies roughly perpendicular to the equator of the ring.

A solution that undergoes a limited change in pH upon addition of a small amount of acid or base. (Section 17.2)

Atoms or groups on an atom that give a chiral center when one of the groups is replaced by another group. A pair of enantiomers results. The hydrogens of the CH2 group of ethanol, for example, are enantiotopic. Replacing one of them by deuterium gives (R)-1-deuteroethanol; replacing the other gives (S)-1-deuteroethanol. Enantiotopic groups have identical chemical shifts in achiral environments but different chemical shifts in chiral environments.

A compound with the structure R!O!R.

A curved arrow with only one barb, indicating the motion of just one electron (also see Sect. 11.1).

The splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller ones. (Section 21.6)

A cyclic compound containing at least one heteroatom (such as S, N, or O) in the ring.

An abbreviated way to draw structural formulas in which vertices and line endings represent carbons

The difference between the mass of a nucleus and the total masses of the individual nucleons that it contains. (Section 21.6)

Two liquids that can be mixed with each other in any proportion.

A compound that rotates plane-polarized light.

Esterlike derivatives of phosphoric acid.

The structure that arises when a protein consists of two or more folded polypeptide chains that aggregate to form one protein complex.

A term used to indicate that exactly two alkyl groups are attached directly to a particular position. For example, a secondary carbocation has two alkyl groups attached directly to the electrophilic carbon atom (C+).

A lipid that does not undergo hydrolysis in aqueous acid or base to produce smaller fragments.

A compound that contains two SR groups, both of which are connected to the same carbon atom.

A compound containing three hydroxyl groups.