- 2.2.82: (a) What is meant by the term isomer?(b) Among the four alkanes, et...
- 2.2.86: ?Draw the structural formulas for three isomers of pentane, C5H12.
- 2.2.83: (a) What is a functional group?(b) What functional group characteri...
- 2.2.87: ?Suppose a scientist repeats the Millikan oil-drop experiment but r...
- 2.2.84: Consider the following organic substances: ethanol, propane, hexane...
- 2.2.88: ?The natural abundance of 3He is 0.000137%.(a) How many protons, ne...
- 2.2.85: Chloropropane is derived from propane by substituting Cl for H on o...
- 2.2.90: ?The diameter of a rubidium atom is 4.95 . We will consider two dif...
- 2.2.89: A cube of gold that is 1.00 cm on a side has a mass of 19.3 g. A si...
- 2.2.91: ?(a) Assuming the dimensions of the nucleus and atom shown in Figur...
- 2.2.94: The element oxygen has three naturally occurring isotopes, with 8, ...
- 2.2.92: ?Identify the element represented by each of the following symbols ...
- 2.2.95: The element lead (Pb) consists of four naturally occurring isotopes...
- 2.2.93: ?The nucleus of 6Li is a powerful absorber of neutrons. It exists i...
- 2.2.96: Gallium (Ga) consists of two naturally occurring isotopes with mass...
- 2.2.98: ?There are two different isotopes of bromine atoms. Under normal co...
- 2.2.97: Using a suitable reference such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry an...
- 2.2.99: ?It is common in mass spectrometry to assume that the mass of a cat...
- 2.2.100: From the following list of elements—Ar, H, Ga, Al, Ca, Br, Ge, K, O...
- 2.2.10: ?The first atoms of seaborgium (Sg) were identified in 1974. The lo...
- 2.2.102: The explosion of an atomic bomb releases many radioactive isotopes,...
- 2.2.103: ?A U.S. 1-cent coin (a penny) has a diameter of 19 mm and a thickne...
- 2.2.110: Carbonic acid occurs in carbonated beverages. When allowed to react...
- 2.2.104: ?The U.S. Mint produces a dollar coin called the American Silver Ea...
- 2.2.113: Because many ions and compounds have very similar names, there is g...
- 2.2.105: ?From the molecular structures shown here, identify the one that co...
- 2.2.114: In what part of the atom does the strong nuclear force operate?
- 2.2.106: ?Name each of the following oxides. Assuming that the compounds are...
- 2.2.107: ?Fill in the blanks in the following table:
- 2.2.108: ?Cyclopropane is an interesting hydrocarbon. Instead of having thre...
- 2.2.109: ?Elements in the same group of the periodic table often form oxyani...
- 2.2.111: ?Give the chemical names of each of the following familiar compound...
- 2.2.112: ?Many familiar substances have common, unsystematic names. For each...
- 2.2.47: ?What are the molecular and empirical formulas for each of the foll...
- 2.2.48: Two substances have the same molecular and empirical formulas. Does...
- 2.2.49: ?Write the empirical formula corresponding to each of the following...
- 2.2.1: ?A charged particle moves between two electrically charged plates, ...
- 2.2.50: Determine the molecular and empirical formulas of the following: (a...
- 2.2.2: ?The following diagram is a representation of 20 atoms of a fictiti...
- 2.2.51: ?How many hydrogen atoms are in each of the following:(a) \(\mathrm...
- 2.2.3: ?Four of the boxes in the following periodic table are colored. Whi...
- 2.2.52: ?How many of the indicated atoms are represented by each chemical f...
- 2.2.4: ?Does the following drawing represent a neutral atom or an ion? Wri...
- 2.2.53: ?Write the molecular and structural formulas for the compounds repr...
- 2.2.5: ?Which of the following diagrams most likely represents an ionic co...
- 2.2.54: ?Write the molecular and structural formulas for the compounds repr...
- 2.2.6: ?Write the chemical formula for the following compound. Is the comp...
- 2.2.55: ?Fill in the gaps in the following table:
- 2.2.7: ?Five of the boxes in the following periodic table are colored. Pre...
- 2.2.56: ?Fill in the gaps in the following table:
- 2.2.8: ?The following diagram represents an ionic compound in which the re...
- 2.2.57: Each of the following elements is capable of forming an ion in chem...
- 2.2.9: ?Are these two compounds isomers? Explain. [Section 2.9]
- 2.2.58: Using the periodic table, predict the charges of the ions of the fo...
- 2.2.10: ?In the Millikan oil-drop experiment (see Figure 2.5), the tiny oil...
- 2.2.59: Using the periodic table to guide you, predict the chemical formula...
- 2.2.11: ?A 1.0-g sample of carbon dioxide \(\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)\) ...
- 2.2.60: The most common charge associated with scandium in its compounds is...
- 2.2.12: ?Hydrogen sulfide is composed of two elements: hydrogen and sulfur....
- 2.2.61: ?Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by (a) ...
- 2.2.13: ?A chemist finds that 30.82 g of nitrogen will react with 17.60, 35...
- 2.2.62: ?Predict the chemical formulas of the compounds formed by the follo...
- 2.2.14: ?In a series of experiments, a chemist prepared three different com...
- 2.2.63: ?Complete the table by filling in the formula for the ionic compoun...
- 2.2.15: ?Which of the three subatomic particles was discovered first— the p...
- 2.2.64: ?Complete the table by filling in the formula for the ionic compoun...
- 2.2.16: ?An unknown particle is caused to move between two electrically cha...
- 2.2.65: ?Predict whether each of the following compounds is molecular or io...
- 2.2.17: ?What fraction of the \(\alpha\) particles in Rutherford’s gold foi...
- 2.2.66: ?Which of the following are ionic, and which are molecular?(a) \(\m...
- 2.2.18: ?Millikan determined the charge on the electron by studying the sta...
- 2.2.67: Give the chemical formula for (a) chlorite ion, (b) chloride ion, (...
- 2.2.19: ?The radius of an atom of gold (Au) is about \(1.35 \AA\).(a) Expre...
- 2.2.68: ?Selenium, an element required nutritionally in trace quantities, f...
- 2.2.20: ?An atom of rhodium (Rh) has a diameter of about \(2.7 \times 10^{-...
- 2.2.69: ?Give the names and charges of the cation and anion in each of the ...
- 2.2.21: ?Answer the following questions without referring to Table 2.1: (a)...
- 2.2.70: ?Give the names and charges of the cation and anion in each of the ...
- 2.2.22: ?Determine whether each of the following statements is true or fals...
- 2.2.71: ?Name the following ionic compounds: (a) \(\mathrm{Li}_{2} \mathrm{...
- 2.2.23: ?Consider an atom of \({ }^{10} \mathrm{~B}\). (a) How many protons...
- 2.2.72: ?Name the following ionic compounds: (a) \(\mathrm{KCN}\), (b) \(\m...
- 2.2.24: ?Consider an atom of \({ }^{63} \mathrm{Cu}\). (a) How many protons...
- 2.2.73: Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds: (a) alumin...
- 2.2.25: ?(a) Define atomic number and mass number. (b) Which of these can v...
- 2.2.74: Give the chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds...
- 2.2.26: ?(a) Which two of the following are isotopes of the same element: \...
- 2.2.75: ?Give the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the...
- 2.2.27: ?How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the following ato...
- 2.2.76: ?Provide the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of ...
- 2.2.28: ?Each of the following isotopes is used in medicine. Indicate the n...
- 2.2.77: ?Give the name or chemical formula, as appropriate, for each of the...
- 2.2.29: ?Fill in the gaps in the following table, assuming each column repr...
- 2.2.78: ?The oxides of nitrogen are very important components in urban air ...
- 2.2.30: ?Fill in the gaps in the following table, assuming each column repr...
- 2.2.79: Write the chemical formula for each substance mentioned in the foll...
- 2.2.31: ?Write the correct symbol, with both superscript and subscript, for...
- 2.2.80: Assume that you encounter the following sentences in your reading. ...
- 2.2.32: ?One way in which Earth’s evolution as a planet can be understood i...
- 2.2.81: (a) What is a hydrocarbon? (b) Pentane is the alkane with a chain o...
- 2.2.33: ?(a) What isotope is used as the standard in establishing the atomi...
- 2.2.34: ?(a) What is the mass in amu of a carbon-12 atom? (b) Why is the at...
- 2.2.35: ?Only two isotopes of copper occur naturally: \({ }^{63} \mathrm{Cu...
- 2.2.36: ?Rubidium has two naturally occurring isotopes, rubidium-85 (atomic...
- 2.2.37: ?(a) Thomson’s cathode-ray tube (Figure 2.4) and the mass spectrome...
- 2.2.38: ?Consider the mass spectrometer shown in Figure 2.11. Determine whe...
- 2.2.39: ?Naturally occurring magnesium has the following isotopic abundance...
- 2.2.40: ?Mass spectrometry is more often applied to molecules than to atoms...
- 2.2.41: ?For each of the following elements, write its chemical symbol, loc...
- 2.2.42: ?Locate each of the following elements in the periodic table; give ...
- 2.2.43: ?For each of the following elements, write its chemical symbol, det...
- 2.2.44: ?The elements of group 4A show an interesting change in properties ...
- 2.2.45: ?The structural formulas of the compounds n-butane and isobutane ar...
- 2.2.46: ?Ball-and-stick representations of benzene, a colorless liquid ofte...
Solutions for Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Full solutions for Chemistry: The Central Science | 14th Edition
ISBN: 9780134414232
Summary of Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Introduce the basic structure of atoms and discuss the formation of molecules and ions.
This expansive textbook survival guide covers the following chapters and their solutions. This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Chemistry: The Central Science, edition: 14. Chemistry: The Central Science was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9780134414232. Since 114 problems in chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions have been answered, more than 27572 students have viewed full step-by-step solutions from this chapter. Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions includes 114 full step-by-step solutions.
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amino acid
A compound containing a carboxylic acid group (COOH) as well as an amino group (NH2).
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anion
A negatively charged ion. (Section 2.7)
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antibonding molecular orbital.
A molecular orbital that is of higher energy and lower stability than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed. (10.6)
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Axial bond
A bond to a chair conformation of cyclohexane that extends from the ring parallel to the imaginary axis through the center of the ring; a bond that lies roughly perpendicular to the equator of the ring.
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buffered solution (buffer)
A solution that undergoes a limited change in pH upon addition of a small amount of acid or base. (Section 17.2)
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Enantiotopic groups
Atoms or groups on an atom that give a chiral center when one of the groups is replaced by another group. A pair of enantiomers results. The hydrogens of the CH2 group of ethanol, for example, are enantiotopic. Replacing one of them by deuterium gives (R)-1-deuteroethanol; replacing the other gives (S)-1-deuteroethanol. Enantiotopic groups have identical chemical shifts in achiral environments but different chemical shifts in chiral environments.
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ether
A compound with the structure R!O!R.
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fishhook arrow
A curved arrow with only one barb, indicating the motion of just one electron (also see Sect. 11.1).
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fission
The splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller ones. (Section 21.6)
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heterocycle
A cyclic compound containing at least one heteroatom (such as S, N, or O) in the ring.
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Line-angle formula
An abbreviated way to draw structural formulas in which vertices and line endings represent carbons
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mass defect
The difference between the mass of a nucleus and the total masses of the individual nucleons that it contains. (Section 21.6)
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miscible
Two liquids that can be mixed with each other in any proportion.
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optically active
A compound that rotates plane-polarized light.
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phospholipids
Esterlike derivatives of phosphoric acid.
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quaternary structure
The structure that arises when a protein consists of two or more folded polypeptide chains that aggregate to form one protein complex.
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secondary
A term used to indicate that exactly two alkyl groups are attached directly to a particular position. For example, a secondary carbocation has two alkyl groups attached directly to the electrophilic carbon atom (C+).
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simple lipid
A lipid that does not undergo hydrolysis in aqueous acid or base to produce smaller fragments.
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thioacetal
A compound that contains two SR groups, both of which are connected to the same carbon atom.
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Triol
A compound containing three hydroxyl groups.