Solutions for Chapter 6: Electronic Structure of Atoms

A reaction involving the addition of two groups to a conjugated p system in which one group is installed at the C1 position and the other group is installed at the C4 position.

Naturally occurring amines isolated from plants.

A disordered, noncrystalline region in the solid state of a polymer.

A solid that lacks a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules. (11.7)

A high-energy molecular orbital resulting from the destructive interference between atomic orbitals.

The potential difference between the cathode and anode in an electrochemical cell; it is measured in volts: 1 V = 1 J>C. Also called electromotive force. (Section 20.4)

In an NMR spectrum, the location of a signal, defined relative to the frequency of absorption of a reference compound, tetramethylsilane (TMS).

A system that enables the exchange of energy (usually in the form of heat) but not mass with its surroundings. (6.2)

In NMR spectroscopy,protons or carbon atoms whose surrounding electron density is poor.

The negative charge carried by an electron; it has a magnitude of 1.602 * 10-19 C. (Section 2.3)

A graph showing the changes in energy that occur during a chemical reaction; energy is plotted on the vertical axis, and reaction progress is plotted on the horizontal axis. Also called a reaction coordinate diagram

Vibrations in the region 1500 to 400 cm21 of an IR spectrum are complex and diffi cult to analyze but are characteristic for different molecules.

The tendency of nonpolar groups to cluster so as to shield them from contact with an aqueous environment.

The science of extracting metals from their natural sources by a combination of chemical and physical processes. It is also concerned with the properties and structures of metals and alloys. (Section 23.1)

The nucleophile in a Michael reaction.

The NO+ ion, which is formed when NaNO2 is treated with HCl.

In NMR spectroscopy, a technique in which only the one-bond couplings are observed. CH3 groups appear as quartets, CH2 groups appear as triplets, CH groups appear as doublets, and quaternary carbon atoms appear as singlets.

A plane that bisects a compound into two halves that are mirror images of each other.

A process of reasoning backwards from a target molecule to a suitable set of starting materials.

A nucleophilic substitution in which the solvent is also the nucleophile